Terms˙˚ʚ(´◡`)ɞ˚˙ Flashcards
Plant Tissues
tissues are categorized broadly into three tissue systems: the dermal, the ground tissue, and the vascular tissue.
Dermal tissue
Dermal tissue covers and protects the plant, and controls gas exchange and water absorption (in roots)
Ground tissue
Ground tissue makes up much of the interior of a plant and carries out basic metabolic functions. Ground tissue in stems provides support and may store food or water. Ground tissues in roots may also store food.
Vascular tissue
Vascular tissue transports water, minerals, and sugars to different parts of the plant.
Vascular tissue is made of two specialized conducting tissues: xylem and phloem
. Xylem tissue transports water and nutrients from the roots to different parts of the plant, and also plays a role in structural support in the stem.
.The phloem carries food downward from the leaves to the roots…..
Not all plants have Vascular tissue
Blade of the leaf
It’s generally broad and flat. It is in this layer that photosynthesis occurs.
Petiole of the leaf
The petiole connects the leaf blade to the plant stem
epidermis of the leaf
The outermost layer of the leaf is the epidermis. It consists of the upper and lower epidermis, which are present on either side of the leaf.
epidermis mediates exchanges, limiting water loss, controlling gas exchange, transmitting sunlight for photosynthesis,
Cuticle of the leaf
The primary function of the plant cuticle is as a water permeability barrier that prevents evaporation of water from the epidermal surface, and also prevents external water and solutes from entering the tissues.
Stoma of the leaf
Stomata regulate gas exchange between the plant and environment and control of water loss by changing the size of the stomatal pore.
Guard cells of the leaf
that are used to control gas exchange. They are produced in pairs with a gap between them
Mesophyll
Palisade Mesophyll
is where most of the photosynthesis occurs in the leaf.
Spongy Mesophyll
The spongy mesophyll cells are covered by a thin layer of water. Gases dissolve in this water as they move into and out of the cells. When the plant is photosynthesizing, these features allow carbon dioxide to diffuse into the spongy mesophyll cells, and oxygen to diffuse out of them.
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that, through cellular respiration,
Chlorophyll
Chlorophyll is essential in photosynthesis, allowing plants to absorb energy from light.
Thylakoids
Thylakoids are the internal membranes of chloroplasts , and provide the platform for the light reactions of photosynthesis
they are stacks of coin shaped membranes
Stroma
Fluid that fills the
chloroplast is stroma
Light independent reactions
It captures energy from sunlight. These reactions take place within and across the membrane of the thylakoids. Water and sunlight are needed for this stage of photosynthesis.
Reaction Center Chlorophyll
Photosystem: group of highly specialized
chlorophyll molecules connected to the
“main” (reaction center) chlorophyll
Electron Carrier
molecule that transports
high-energy electrons
NADP+
NADP+ plus a proton equals the electron carrier this forms the electron carrier NADPH
NADPH
NADPH is involved in light- independent reactions
ATP
Main energy source for all living things----- -- At a molecular level, this is how proteins use energy -- ATP has three parts Adenine (nitrogeneous base) Ribose (sugar) P-groups
ADP
ADP is the lower energy
version of ATP
ATP
Synthase
in Step 7 of light reactions : Uses a special protein, ATP
Synthase, like a water wheel to add P to
ADP to make ATP
Electron
Transport Chain
Electrons are passed down the Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
it Pulls them through the membrane against their
[gradient]
Light-Independent/calvin cycle/photosytem 1
Step 1: CO2, waiting in the spongy mesophyll, is taken up by the cell and given to thylakoid--an Enzyme takes the CO2 and combines it with RuBP -- Step 2: ATP and NADPH are used ---- Step 3: One of the G3P leaves the cycle Cycle must run twice for each molecule of glucose --- Step 4: Remaining carbon compounds rearrange themselves Ready to start the cycle again!
LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTION USES THE ENERGY FROM LIGHT DEPENDENT
rubisco,
rubisco, takes the CO2 and
combines it with
(RuBP)
for the calvin cycle
RUBP
is a five-carbon sugar which reacts with CO2 in the first step of the Calvin cycle for fixing carbon in photosynthetic systems
3-PGA
3-phosphoglycerate
G3P
a high-energy 3-C
compound made from ATP and NADPH
Glucose
Light- inderpendent reactions make glucose
Why are palisade and spongy mesophyll arranged the way they are?
palisade cells are well positioned to absorb light required for photosynthesis
Why are stomata found on the bottom of the leaf?
also to protect it from heat and dehydration
How are ATP and glucose similar? How are they different?
SIM- Both organic compounds…Both contain C,H,O
DIFF- Glucose is the primary energy source of the cell and ATP is more of the “energy currency of the cell” because it can release energy or storage it
How is energy stored and released in ATP?
STORED- it is stored in light depended reaction ADP is helped turned into ATP when hydrogen ions flow through ATP synthase then a phostate gets added to ADP and it becomes ATP
RELEASED- it is released in light-independent reactions it is used when a six carbon chain is split in half. ATP becomes ADP
What is the equation for photosynthesis? (words and chemical)
Carbon dioxide + water + energy from light produce glucose and oxygen.
—
H20 molecules are split and Oxygen molecules are released as waste.. carbon dioxide is added to 5 carbon molecule to eventually form glucose. the 602 is waste from the first step
Light-dependent/photosystem 2
STEP 1- Engery is absorber through sunlight
STEP 2- water molecules are broken down
STEP 3- Hydrogen Ions are transported across the thylakoid membrane
STEP 4- engery is absorbed from sun light
STEP 5- NADPH is produced when electrons are added to NADP
STEP 6- hydrogen ions diffuse through a protein channle
STEP 7- ADP is changed into ATP when hydrogen ions flow through ATP synthase.
Why are H+ ions important in photosynthesis?
- # to create a gradient and activate ATP synthase
- they are used to create NADPH
Trace the path of an electron from water to its final electron acceptor in p-syn.
Electrons are formed when water molecules are broken down. Electrons enter the electron transport chain. Energy from the electrons pump hydrogen ions across thylakoid membrane. Electrons are added to NADP to form NADPH.
How is ATP made using electron transport chains?
The electron transport chain transport H+ ions across thylakoid membrane. this creates a H+ gradient. Then H+ ions diffuse through a protein channel. To form ATP
Why must the molecules rearrange to make RuBP after one of the G3P molecules leaves?
They must continue the cycle
Why do plants bother to make glucose?
Glucose contains more energy than ATP and it is more stable
