TERMS Flashcards
A complex disease involving an excessive amount of body fat; classified by a body mass index of 30 or greater.
OBESITY
Study of movement as it relates to anatomy and physiology.
Kinesiology
A practice that relies on evidence for guidance and decision-making and includes developing individual expertise, staying current on the best sources of external evidence (e.g., peer-reviewed research), and prioritizing client values and expectations.
Evidence-based practice
a process of subjecting an author’s scholarly work, research, or ideas to the scrutiny of others who are experts in the same field
Peer-reviewed research
The combined, interworking system of all muscles and bones in the body
Musculoskeletal system
A state of lost physical fitness, which may include muscle imbalances, decreased flexibility, and a lack of core and joint stability
Deconditioned
A body weight greater than what is considered within normal standards; a body mass index of 25.0 to 29.9
Overweight
When muscles on each side of a joint have altered length-tension relationships
Muscle imbalance
The support provided by tissues surrounding a joint to maintain and provide control during movement
Joint stability
BMI = 25.0-29.9
Overweight
BMI = 30.0 or greater
Obese
The social standing of a person or group that includes education, income, and occupation
Socioeconomic status
The state of having a disease
Morbidity
A state or a risk of death or dying
Mortality
The process by which the human body strives to maintain a relatively stable equilibrium in relation to the surrounding environment and the regular tasks it is required to perform
Homeostasis
a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
Health (defined by WHO):
any abnormal condition that negatively affects the structure or function of a part of the body
Disease
any attribute, characteristic, or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury
Risk factor
a waxy, fatlike, substance found in found in blood (bodily cells) that is made up of a combination of protein and fatty acids, known as a lipoprotein
Cholesterol
A sudden lack of blood supply to the brain, caused by either a blockage in an artery or ruptured blood vessel
Stroke
The action that occurs when an artery supplying the heart with blood and oxygen becomes blocked; medically known as a myocardial infarction
Heart attack (myocardial infarction)
A condition in which the heart can’t pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs
Heart failure
A condition that occurs when one or more heart valves do not function properly, causing shortness of breath and reduced oxygen supply to the body
Heart valve problem
A problem with the rate or rhythm of a person’s heartbeat. The heart beats too quickly, too slowly, or with an irregular pattern
Arrhythmia
A category of heart-related problems caused by the narrowing of coronary arteries, which supply blood and oxygen to the heart muscle
Ischemic heart disease
The processes by which plaque is formed in arteries leading to reduced blood flow
Atherosclerosis
bodily movement that results in energy expenditure and encompasses many modes and intensities. Movement that is not structured exercise such as recreational pursuits (e.g. golfing gardening, and walking a dog)
Physical Activity
Consistently elevated blood pressure
Hypertension
the pressure in arteries and other blood vessels when the heart is CONTRACTING (top number recorded)
Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP)
chronic metabolic disorder, caused by insulin deficiency, which impairs carbohydrate usage and enhances usage of fat and protein
Diabetes
the simplest form of carbohydrate use by the body of energy
Glucose
the inability of the cells to respond to insulin; occurs in type 2 diabetes
Insulin resistance
a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body
Cancer
a general term to describe progressive lung diseases, including emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and refractory (nonreversible) asthma
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
a group of hormones secreted by the brain that provides a variety of physiological functions, such as reducing the perception of pain
Endorphins
the type of muscle tissue that connects to bones and generates the forces that create movement
Skeletal muscle
the stretching or tearing of ligaments
Sprain
an inflammation of the fibrous tissue (plantar fascia) along the bottom of the foot, which often results in intense heel pain
Plantar fasciitis
An injury or inflammation of the tendon that connects the patella (kneecap) to the tibia (shin bone).
Patellar tendonitis
A stretch, partial tear, or complete tear of the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee.
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear
A stretch, partial tear, or complete tear of the medial collateral ligament of the knee
Medical cruciate ligament (MCL)
Shoulder pain caused by rotator cuff tissues rubbing against the acromion bone of the shoulder.
Shoulder impingement syndrome
the various monetary requirements associated with the day-to-day running of a business
Operational costs
an exercise training method defined by intervals of near-maximal intensity broken up by relatively short rest periods
High-intensity interval training (HIIT)
The level of commitment to a behavior or plan of action
Adherence
an individual who has been identified as a potential client
Prospect
a system for learning about the needs of a potential client to be able to identify and present a number of solutions for those needs
Sales process
nondirective questions that can’t be answered with a simple yes or no answer; they require critical thinking to formulate a response
Open-ended questions
a rapport-building technique where fitness professionals walk around the gym floor talking to members without overly presenting a sale
Working the floor
a relationship in which two people understand each other’s ideas, have respect for one another, and communicate well
Rapport
a business management technique that helps predict how much work is needed to meet a revenue goal
Forecasting
Highlighting unique skills or traits during a sales presentation that allow an individual to stand out from the competition
Unique selling proposition (USP)
A product or service identified by specific, unique characteristics.
Brand
A professional development technique that helps individuals identify their personal strengths and weaknesses, opportunities for growth, and potential threats to success
SWOT analysis
An area of science that focuses on people, and in particular, how the mind and feelings may influence behaviors
Psychology
the level of commitment to a behavior or plan of action
Adherence
the intensity and direction of someone’s effort to participate in an activity or engage in a behavior
Motivation
the social standing of a person or group that includes education, income, and occupation
Socioeconomic status
describes when someone is not motivated to engage in an activity or behavior
Amotivation
when someone participates in an activity or behavior for some type of reward or recognition from other
Extrinsic motivation
when people engage in an activity or behavior because they feel a sense of satisfaction
Intrinsic motivation
A professional who is licensed to therapeutically manipulate the muscles and other soft tissues of the body through physical touch
Licensed massage therapist
A practitioner who is educated in many areas of physical rehabilitation
Physical therapist
A professional who often works alongside physicians and medical technicians to help diagnose and treat sports injuries
Athletic trainer
A licensed healthcare professional who primarily deals with conditions relating to spinal alignment
Chiropractor
Treat each colleague and client with the utmost respect and dignity
Professionalism
Maintain adequate liability insurance
Business Practice
Store and dispose of client records in a secure manner
Confidentiality
Accept complete responsibility for one’s actions
Lethal and Ethical
Goals focused on the end result
Outcome goals
refers to the process of goal pursuit
Process goals
the intentional ways that people assist others in achieving a specific behavior
Social support
a specific form of anxiety that occurs in individuals who perceive that others could be negatively evaluating their physique
Social physique anxiety
Describes a person’s state of mixed feelings about a situation
Ambivalence
The actions that directly facilitate a behavior to happen. In the context of exercise, instrumental support can include driving a person to a health club or paying for the gym membership.
Instrumental support
The encouragement and positive reinforcement that is provided from an individual to another, which includes being caring, empathetic, and showing concern.
Emotional support
The ability to identify with another person’s feelings, attitudes, or thoughts.
Empathy
Providing accurate, current, and informative information
Informational support
When someone engages in a behavior with an individual. This type of support is often observed in an exercise setting where people exercise with a friend or partner
Companionship support
The way someone evaluates their own self-worth physically, emotionally, and socially.
Self-esteem
The way someone views their physical self or visualizes their body.
Body image
A sleep disorder in which a person’s breathing repeatedly stops and starts, which disrupts the body’s natural sleep cycle
Sleep apnea
Bodily movement that results in energy expenditure and encompasses many modes and intensities. Movement that is not structured exercise such as recreational pursuits (e.g., golfing, gardening, and walking a dog).
Physical activity
The level of commitment to a behavior or plan of action.
Adherence
Acting in accordance with how one wants to behave.
Autonomy
When people engage in an activity or behavior because they feel a sense of satisfaction
Intrinsic motivation
A communal space, separate from home or work, where the client experiences their own sense of identity and relationship to others
Third space
Client interventions that are used to change some determinant of behavior.
Behavior change techniques (BCTs)
One’s belief that they can complete a task, goal, or performance; also known as self-confidence
Self-efficacy
Describes a person’s state of mixed feelings about a situation
Ambivalence
Observing, measuring, and evaluating one’s own behavior, often in the form of a diary or log
Self-monitoring
Refers to the psychological, social, or environmental factors that influence behavior.
Determinants of behavior
A construct that captures motivational factors that influence behavior. It indicates how hard people are willing to try and how much effort they are planning to exert.
Intention
A broad theoretical framework for the study of human motivation
Self-determination theory
When motives for exercise relate to valuing the outcome, when exercise is consistent with the client’s identity, or when the client enjoys exercise
Autonomous motivation
A concrete representation of when and where exercise will occur
Planning
The degree to which a person has a favorable or unfavorable evaluation of the behavior of interest
Attitudes
The expected positive and negative consequences of a behavior.
Outcome expectations
The state of mental or emotional tension from demanding circumstances
Stress
An evaluation of whether one has the means, resources, and opportunities to perform a behavior
Perceived behavioral control
Referring to expected pleasure or enjoyment
Affective judgment
Belief that an important person or group of people will approve and support a behavior
Subjective norms
Client does not exercise and is not planning to start exercising within 6 months.
Precontemplation
When a person is thinking about implementing change but has not yet taken any steps to get started; an individual may take action within the next 6 months.
Contemplation
The client intends to act in the near future, usually within the next month.
Preparation
The client has made specific modifications in their exercise routine within the past 6 months.
Action
The client has been exercising for more than 6 months and is working to prevent relapse
Maintenance
Reflects the clients’ weighing of the pros and cons of changing.
Decisional balance
The ability to identify with another person’s feelings, attitudes, or thoughts.
Empathy
A relationship in which two people understand each other’s ideas, have respect for one another, and communicate well.
Rapport
The process of seeking to understand the meaning of the speaker’s words and restating the idea back to the speaker to confirm that they were understood correctly
Reflective listening
Listening style that involves having genuine interest in what the speaker is saying; requires the listener to fully concentrate to understand the speaker’s message.
Active listening
Directive questions that can be answered with one word, typically a yes or no.
Closed-ended questions
Nondirective questions that can’t be answered with a simple yes or no; they require critical thinking to formulate a response.
Open-ended questions
Short sentences that continue the client’s thoughts and add momentum to the conversation.
Collecting summaries
Summaries that tie together information the client has presented, perhaps even from previous sessions.
Linking summaries
Summaries used to wrap up a session or announce a shift in focus.
Transitional summaries
Positive statements about character strengths.
Affirmations
Client-centered, directive method for enhancing intrinsic motivation to change by exploring and resolving ambivalence.
Motivational interviewing
An internal conflict that occurs when an individual compares their actual self with their ideal self.
Self-discrepancy
Talk that represents and predicts movement away from change.
Sustain talk
Talk that reflects movement of the person toward behavior change.
Change talk
Goals focused on the end result.
Outcome goals
Tasks that are pursued to reach a final outcome.
Process goals
A behavior change technique that links a goal-directed response to situational cues by specifying when, where, and how to act.
Implementation intentions
A behavior change technique that involves anticipating barriers to goal action and proactively preparing strategies that prioritize intentional behavior over counterproductive habitual responses.
Coping plans
Internal dialogue in which the individual interprets feelings and perceptions, regulates and changes evaluations and convictions, and gives himself or herself instructions and reinforcement.
Self-talk
Replacing negative statements with positive statements.
Reverse listing
The act of saying “stop” out loud to undesired statements.
Stopping
When people believe the exact content of their own thoughts.
Cognitive fusion
The process created to produce internalized experiences.
Imagery
When a person imagines appearance or health related outcomes.
Appearance imagery
When a person creates mental images that increase energy and/or relieve stress.
Energy imagery
When individuals mentally rehearse their technique.
Technique imagery
The process to get oneself into a state of psychological readiness for performance.
Psyching up
The collective components and structures that work together to move the body: muscular, skeletal, and nervous systems
Human movement system (HMS)
A concept that describes the human body as a chain of interdependent links that work together to perform movement
Kinetic chain
A network of specialized cells called neurons that transmit and coordinate signals, providing a communication network within the human body
Nervous system
Specialized cell that is the functional unit of the nervous system
Neuron
Cellular structure or organelle that contains the majority of the cell’s genetic material in the form of chromosomes
Nucleus
Tiny cellular structures that perform specific functions within a cell. Examples include nuclei, mitochondria, lysosomes, ribosomes, and the endoplasmic reticulum
Organelles
The parts of the cell that use nutrients to create energy for the cell; commonly known as the powerhouses of the cell
Mitochondria
A part of the body, such as a muscle or organ, that receives a signal from a neuron to produce a physiological response
Effector sites
Minerals that have an electrical charge to help transmit nerve impulses throughout the body, such as sodium, potassium, and magnesium
Electrolytes
A division of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord
Central nervous system (CNS)
Nerves that connect the rest of the body to the central nervous system
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Sensory pathway that relays information to the central nervous system
Afferent pathway
A motor pathway that relays information from the central nervous system to the rest of the body
Efferent pathway
Neurons located within the spinal cord and brain that transmit impulses between afferent and efferent neurons
Interneurons
Specialized structures that respond to mechanical forces (touch and pressure) within tissues and then transmit signals through sensory nerves
Mechanoreceptors
Nerves that serve the outer areas of the body and skeletal muscle and are largely responsible for the voluntary control of movement
Somatic nervous system
A division of the peripheral nervous system that supplies neural input to organs that run the involuntary processes of the body (e.g., circulating blood, digesting food, producing hormones)
Autonomic nervous system
Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to increase neural activity and put the body in a heightened state
Sympathetic nervous system
Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to decrease neural activity and put the body in a more relaxed state
Parasympathetic nervous system
Ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment
Sensory function
The body’s ability to naturally sense its general orientation and relative position of its parts
Proprioception
The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret the sensory information to allow for proper decision-making, which produces an appropriate response
Integrative function
The neuromuscular (or nervous and muscular systems) response to the integrated sensory information
Motor function
Sensory receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change.
Muscle spindles
Neurological signal from the muscle spindle that causes a muscle to contract to prevent excessive lengthening
Stretch reflex
A specialized sensory receptor located at the point where skeletal muscle fibers insert into the tendons of skeletal muscle; sensitive to changes in muscular tension and rate of tension change
Golgi tendon organ (GTO)
Receptors located in and around the joint capsule that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint
Joint receptors
The concept that the brain will continually change or grow, reforming neural pathways throughout an individual’s entire life span
Neuroplasticity
The interconnection of neurons in the brain and spinal cord
Neurocircuitry
Specific movements through the coordinated effort of the sensory and motor subsystems
Motor skills
A description of the bones of the body
Skeletal system
A condition of reduced bone mineral density, which increases risk of bone fracture
Osteoporosis
The sites where two bones meet and movement occurs as a result of muscle contraction
Joints
A division of the skeletal system consisting of the skull, the rib cage, and the vertebral column
Axial skeleton
A division of the skeletal system consisting of the arms, legs, and pelvic girdle
Appendicular skeleton
Rigid rods where muscles attach
Levers
The process by which bone is constantly renewed by the resorption and formation of the bone structure
Remodeling
Special cells that break down and remove old bone tissue
Osteoclasts
Special cells that form and lay down new bone tissue
Osteoblasts
Scientific explanation of how remodeling (new bone growth) occurs along the lines of stress placed on the bone
Wolff’s law
Flattened or indented portions of bone
Depressions
Projections protruding from the bone where tendons and ligaments can attach
Processes
Bones that house the spinal cord; consists of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbosacral regions
Vertebral column
Bundle of nerves housed within the vertebrae
Spinal cord
Fibrous cartilage structures between vertebrae that act as shock absorbers and assist with movement
Intervertebral discs
Represents a position in which the vertebrae and associated structures are under the least amount of load and can most optimally support functional movement
Neutral Spine
Movement of a limb that is visible
Osteokinematics
The description of joint surface movement; consists of three major types: roll, slide, and spin.
Arthrokinematics
A joint with a fluid-filled joint capsule
Synovial joints
A gliding joint that moves in only one plane, either back and forth or side to side
Nonaxial
Joints that have no joint capsule, fibrous connective tissue, or cartilage in the uniting structure
Nonsynovial joints
A fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bone
Ligament
A protein found in connective tissue, muscles, and skin that provides strength and structure. It is the most abundant protein in the human body
Collagen
A protein that provides elasticity to skin, tendons, ligaments, and other structures
Elastin
A specialized cartilage disc located in the epiphysis that is responsible for longitudinal bone growth
Growth plate
The type of muscle tissue that connects to bones and generates the forces that create movement
Skeletal muscle
Connective tissue that surrounds muscles and bones
Fascia
Inner layer of fascia that directly surrounds an entire muscle, commonly referred to as the “deep fascia.”
Epimysium
Largest bundles of fibers within a muscle. Fascicles are surrounded by perimysium
Fascicles
Connective tissue surrounding a muscle fascicle
Perimysium
Connective tissue that wraps around individual muscle fibers within a fascicle
Endomysium
Glucose that is deposited and stored in bodily tissues, such as the liver and muscle cells; the storage form of carbohydrate
Glycogen
Protein-based molecule that carries oxygen molecules into the muscles
Myoglobin
The contractile components of a muscle cell; the myofilaments (actin and myosin) are contained within a myofibril
Myofibrils
The filaments of a myofibril; include actin and myosin
Myofilaments
The thin, stringlike, myofilament that acts along with myosin to produce muscular contraction
Actin
The thick myofilament that acts along with actin to produce muscular contraction
Myosin
The structural unit of a myofibril composed of actin and myosin filaments between two Z-lines
Sarcomere
The meeting point of each sarcomere
Z-line
The nervous system’s signal that tells a muscle to contract
Neural activation
The specialized site where the nervous system communicates directly with muscle fibers
Neuromuscular junction
A junction or small gap between the motor neuron and muscle cells
Synapse
A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it innervates
Motor unit
Nerve impulse that is relayed from the central nervous system, through the peripheral nervous system, and into the muscle across the neuromuscular junction
Action potential
Chemical messengers that cross the synapse between neuron and muscle and assist with nerve transmission
Neurotransmitters
A neurotransmitter that helps the action potential cross the synapse into the muscle, which initiates the steps in a muscle contraction
Acetylcholine (ACh)
The series of steps in muscle contraction involving how myosin (thick) and actin (thin) filaments slide past one another to produce a muscle contraction, shortening the entire length of the sarcomere
Sliding filament theory
The physiological process of converting an electrical stimulus to a muscle contraction
Excitation-contraction coupling
The myosin heads bind to actin and pull them toward the sarcomere center, which slides the filaments past each other, shortening the muscle
Power stroke
A high-energy molecule that serves as the main form of energy in the human body; known as the energy currency of the body
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP):
The length of a muscle when it is not actively contracting or being stretched
Resting length
Muscle fibers that are small in size, generate lower amounts of force, and are more resistant to fatigue
Type I muscle fibers
Muscle fibers that are larger in size, generate higher amounts of force, and are faster to fatigue
Type II muscle fibers
Motor units cannot vary the amount of force they generate; they either contract maximally or not at all
All-or-nothing principle
The smallest blood vessels and the site of exchange of elements between the blood and the tissues
Capillaries
