terms Flashcards
1
Q
ankyloglossia
A
a condition involving atypical, short, thick or tight frenulum that tethers the bottom of the tongue to the floor of the mouth, reducing it’s ROM
AKA Tongue Tie
2
Q
cleft
A
abnormal fissure or opening resulting from failure of fusion during embryonic development
3
Q
dysphagia
A
swallowing disorder characterized by difficulties swallowing food or liquid
4
Q
dysrhythmic
A
irregular rhythm
5
Q
frenectomy
A
resection of the lingual frenulum to improve tongue movement
AKA tongue tie clipping
6
Q
frenotomy
A
release of the tongue by revising the lingual frenulum with scissors
7
Q
frenulum
A
a small fold of tissue that helps secure or restrict the movement of a semi mobile body part. Frenula can be found throughout the body but in the oral cavity it is located under the tongue and between the lips and gums
8
Q
macroglossia
A
abnormally large tongue
9
Q
micrognathia
A
a condition of having smaller than normal lower jaw
10
Q
Pierre Robin Sequence
A
a sequence of abnormalities beginning in utero, primarily consisting of a small lower jaw, a retracted or displaced tongue (glossoptosis) and airway obstruction. Majority of the time, a cleft palate occurs as part of the sequence
11
Q
glossoptosis
A
retracted or displaced tongue
12
Q
peristaltic
A
wavelike movements of the tongue which assists in removing milk from the nipple and facilitates swallowing
13
Q
retrognathia
A
condition having a recession of one or both of the jaws (mandible and maxilla) but more commonly the lower jaw (mandible)
14
Q
at what GA does rooting reflex appear?
A
32 weeks
15
Q
how long does rooting reflex last?
A
4-6 months (sometimes longer in BF infants)
16
Q
at what GA does sucking reflex appear?
A
15-18 weeks
17
Q
how long does sucking reflex last?
A
6-12 months
18
Q
Regulation, Entrainment, Structure, Touch (REST)
A
intervention associated w/ reduced daily crying and parental stress during infancy
19
Q
Sudden Unexplained Infant Death (SUID)
A
sudden death of an infant less than 1 year of age that cannot be explained after a thorough investigation has occurred
20
Q
acid base dissociation constant (pKa)
A
factor that determines the likelihood of a drug being trapped in milk compartment, called ion trapping
21
Q
bioavailability
A
a measure of how much medication reaches the plasma
22
Q
dalton
A
unit used in expressing the molecular weight of proteins, equivalent to atomic mass
23
Q
diffusion
A
transfer of molecules of a substance between the plasma compartment and milk compartment
24
Q
lipid solubility
A
capability of a substance to dissolve in lipids, fats or oils
25
milk-to- plasma ratio
tool to evaluate the relative concentration of medication in the plasma compared to the milk compartment
26
protein binding
degree to which drug binds to proteins within blood plasma, the less bound a drug is, the more efficiently it can traverse cell membranes or diffuse
27
alveoli
milk producing components of the breast
28
apoptosis
death of cells that occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organisms growth or development
29
areola
circular, dark pigmented area that surrounds the nipple
30
Cooper's ligaments
connective tissue in the breast that helps maintain structural integrity.
31
feedback inhibitor of lactation
a small active whey protein that is synthesized by the lactocytes and accumulates in the alveolar lumen
32
galactopoiesis
maintenance of milk production
33
involution
removal of milk producing cells after weaning by apoptosis
34
lactocytes
specialized epithelial cells that line the interior of the alveolus
35
lactogenesis
process of cellular changes in glandular tissue in the breast whereby mammary epithelial cells are converted from a consecratory state (milk producing) to a secretory state (milk producing)
36
lactogenesis 1
Differentiation of alveolar epithelial cells into lactocytes that secrete colostrum
37
lactogenesis 2
the onset of copious milk production that begins 32-96 hours after birth
38
mammogenesis
development of mammary glands and breast structures from birth through puberty, pregnancy and lactation
39
montgomery glands
sebaceous glands in the areola surrounding the nipple that make oily secretions to keep the areola and nipple lubricated and protected
40
myoepithelial cells
cells that encase the alveoli and contract in response to oxytocin to eject milk into ductules
41
parenchyma
the functional tissue of an organ as distinguished from the connective and supporting tissue
42
prolactin receptor sites
sites in the lactocytes that allow prolactin to be absorbed from the blood and enter into the alveoli to stimulate milk production
43
Sheehan Syndrome
a pituitary infarct caused by severe PPH
44
tail of Spence
Mammary glandular tissue that projects into the axillary region
45
alpha-lactalbumin
a major whey protein in human milk... it is involved in lactose synthesis
46
amino acids
the building blocks of proteins
47
carbohydrate
macronutrient composed of one or multiple sugars
48
casein
a type of protein found both in solution and suspended in micelles in milk
49
cholesterol
a member of the group of lipids known as sterols; produced by our bodies and present in foods including human milk
50
disaccharides
pairs of single sugars linked together
51
enzymes
proteins that serve as catalysts in biochemical reactions
they facilitate reactions while maintaining their structure and concentration
52
fatty acid
a type of lipid made of hydrocarbon chain; with a carboxyl group on one end and a methyl group on the other end.
the main component of triglycerides and phospholipids
53
growth factors
proteins responsible for regulation of a variety of cellular processes, including, but not limited to, cellular growth and differentiation
54
hormones
chemicals secreted by glands within the body that serve as messengers, acting on other organs to regulate or maintain conditions within the body
55
immunoglobulin
proteins that function as antibodies. secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) is an important immunoglobulin in human milk
56
lactoferrin
a whey protein in human milk that can modify the immune system, facilitate iron absorption and regulate bone growth
57
lipids
organic molecules that are insoluble in water. They include fatty acids, oils, waxes, sterols, phospholipids and triglycerides
58
longe chain polyunsaturated fatty aides (LCPUFAs)
fatty acids that include linoleic acid, alpha linolneic fatty acid, docosahexanoic acid and arachidonic acid
59
lysozyme
an enzyme found in body secretions including human milk, saliva, tears, nasal mucous, and pancreatic juice... it is capable of breaking down the cell walls of bacteria
60
macronutrients
a class off nutrients that include water and the energy providing nutrients: proteins lipids and carbohydrates
61
phospholipids
similar to triglycerides, but in place of one of the fatty acids, they have phosphorous containing acid. They are present in cell membranes
62
proteins
compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen that are arranged as strands of amino acids
63
triglycerides
the main form of lipid in the human diet and human body. three fatty acids are bound to a glycerol molecule backbone also called triglyceroles
64
whey
water soluble fraction of milk containing proteins that include but are not limited to immunoglobulins, lysozyme, alpha lactalbumin, enzymes, hormones and growth factors.
65
anorexia nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by excessive calorie restriction and exercise, abnormal weight loss and underweight
66
bariatric surgery
a surgery performed for morbidly obese people to assist in weight loss
67
bulimia nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by excessive exercise, purging and vomiting food and using laxatives to quickly eliminate food
68
lactogenic foods
a classification of foods and herbs that are traditionally used in folk medicine to help increase the quantity of human milk produced.
69
lacto-ovo vegetarian
NO: meat
YES: eggs and dairy
70
ovo vegetarian
NO: meat or dairy
YES: eggs
71
pescetarian
fish is primary source of meat in diet and generally consumes eggs and dairy
72
tandem breastfeeding
breastfeeding more than one child at a time, typically an infant and a toddler
73
vegan
NO: meat, dairy, eggs or animal by products.
74
2 month:
Social & Emotional (3)
- Begins to smile at people camera
- Can briefly calm herself (may bring hands to mouth and suck on hand)camera
- Tries to look at parent
75
2 month:
Language/Communication (2)
- Coos, makes gurgling sounds
| - Turns head toward sounds
76
2 month:
Cognitive (3)
- Pays attention to faces
- Begins to follow things with eyes and recognize people at a distance
- Begins to act bored (cries, fussy) if activity doesn’t change
77
2 month:
Movement/Physical Development (2)
- Can hold head up and begins to push up when lying on tummy
| - Makes smoother movements with arms and legs
78
4 month:
Social and Emotional (3)
- Smiles spontaneously, especially at people
- Likes to play with people and might cry when playing stops
- Copies some movements and facial expressions, like smiling or frowning
79
4 month:
Language/Communication (3)
- Begins to babble
- Babbles with expression and copies sounds he hears
- Cries in different ways to show hunger, pain, or being tired
80
4 month:
Cognitive (7)
- Lets you know if he is happy or sad
- Responds to affection
- Reaches for toy with one hand
- Follows moving things with eyes from side to side
- Watches faces closely
- Recognizes familiar people and things at a distance
81
4 months:
Movement/ Physical Development (6)
- Holds head steady, unsupported
- Pushes down on legs when feet are on a hard surface
- May be able to roll over from tummy to back
- Can hold a toy and shake it and swing at dangling toys
- Brings hands to mouth
- When lying on stomach, pushes up to elbows
82
6 months:
Social and Emotional (4)
- Knows familiar faces and begins to know if someone is a stranger
- Likes to play with others, especially parents
- Responds to other people’s emotions and often seems happy
- Likes to look at self in a mirror
83
6 months:
Language/ Communication (5)
- Responds to sounds by making sounds
- Strings vowels together when babbling (“ah,” “eh,” “oh”) and likes taking turns with parent while making sounds
- Responds to own name
- Makes sounds to show joy and displeasure
- Begins to say consonant sounds (jabbering with “m,” “b”)
84
6 months:
Cognitive (4)
- Looks around at things nearby
- Brings things to mouth
- Shows curiosity about things and tries to get things that are out of reach
- Begins to pass things from one hand to the other
85
6 months:
Movement/ Physical Development (4)
- Rolls over in both directions (front to back, back to front)
- Begins to sit without support
- When standing, supports weight on legs and might bounce
- Rocks back and forth, sometimes crawling backward before moving forward
86
9 months:
Social and Emotional (3)
- May be afraid of strangers
- May be clingy with familiar adults
- Has favorite toys
87
9 months:
Language/ Communication (4)
- Understands “no”
- Makes a lot of different sounds like “mamamama” and “bababababa”
- Copies sounds and gestures of others
- Uses fingers to point at things
88
9 months:
Cognitive (6)
- Watches the path of something as it falls
- Looks for things she sees you hide
- Plays peek-a-boo
- Puts things in his mouth
- Moves things smoothly from one hand to the other
- Picks up things like cereal o’s between thumb and index finger
89
9 months:
Movement/ Physical Development (5)
- Stands, holding on
- Can get into sitting position
- Sits without support
- Pulls to stand
- Crawls
90
1 year:
Social and Emotional (8)
- Is shy or nervous with strangers
- Cries when mom or dad leaves
- Has favorite things and people
- Shows fear in some situations
- Hands you a book when he wants to hear a story
- Repeats sounds or actions to get attention
- Puts out arm or leg to help with dressing
- Plays games such as “peek-a-boo” and “pat-a-cake”
91
1 year:
Language/ Communication (5)
- Responds to simple spoken requests
- Uses simple gestures, like shaking head “no” or waving “bye-bye”
- Makes sounds with changes in tone (sounds more like speech)
- Says “mama” and “dada” and exclamations like “uh-oh!”
- Tries to say words you say
92
1 year:
Cognitive (8)
- Explores things in different ways, like shaking, banging, throwing
- Finds hidden things easily
- Looks at the right picture or thing when it’s named
- Copies gestures
- Starts to use things correctly; for example, drinks from a cup, brushes hair
- Bangs two things together
- Puts things in a container, takes things out of a container
- Lets things go without help
- Pokes with index (pointer) finger
- Follows simple directions like “pick up the toy”
93
1 year:
Movement/ Physical Development (4)
- Gets to a sitting position without help
- Pulls up to stand, walks holding on to furniture (“cruising”)
- May take a few steps without holding on
- May stand alone
94
18 months:
Social and Emotional
- Likes to hand things to others as play
- May have temper tantrums
- May be afraid of strangers
- Shows affection to familiar people
- Plays simple pretend, such as feeding a doll
- May cling to caregivers in new situations
- Points to show others something interesting
- Explores alone but with parent close by
95
18 months:
Language/ Communication
- Says several single words
- Says and shakes head “no”
- Points to show someone what he wants
96
18 months:
Cognitive
- Knows what ordinary things are for; for example, telephone, brush, spoon
- Points to get the attention of others
- Shows interest in a doll or stuffed animal by pretending to feed
- Points to one body part
- Scribbles on his own
- Can follow 1-step verbal commands without any gestures; for example, sits when you say “sit down”
97
18 months:
Movement/ Physical Development
- Walks alone
- May walk up steps and run
- Pulls toys while walking
- Can help undress herself
- Drinks from a cup
- Eats with a spoon
98
what is the average amount of milk a mother produces in the first 24 hours?
37mls
99
A BF woman following a vegan diet should take supplements of this vitamin
Vitman B12
100
Colostrum differs from mature human milk in that colostrum has more:
Protein and Sodium
101
What kicks off lactation?
the delivery of the placenta which lead to a drop in progesterone
102
what causes "milk to come in "
increasing levels of lactose in the milk which pulls water in
103
this breastmilk protein, also an enzyme, disrupts the cell walls of bacteria. It is unique in that its concentration increases at 4-6 months
Lysozyme
104
this component of breastmilk causes apoptosis (death) of certain cancer cells
HAMLET
105
# Fill in the blanks:
the fats in human milk provide ____ of the infant's energy needs. Lactose in human milk provides ___ of infant's energy needs.
Fats 50%
Lactose (carbs) 40%
106
Holder method of pasteurization
62.5 degrees Celsius for 30 mins
107
Two main types of living cells in colostrum
macrophages (90%)
| lymphocytes (10%)
108
the whey to casein ratio in colostrum
90:10
109
the main immunoglobulin in human milk
secretory IgA
110
lactose, aka milk sugar, is made up of these 2 sugars
glucose + galactose
111
this hormone, found in human milk, gives a signal of satiety
Leptin
112
the fat soluble vitamins are
A D E K
113
the water soluble vitamins are
the 8 Bs and the 1 C
114
98-99% of the fat in human milk is in the form of
Triglycerides (remember fork analogy... 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids = triglyceride
115
Name two long chain poly unsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) in milk
DHA
ARA
116
What are the 4 operational targets of the Innocenti Declaration?
remember 10LCC
10- ten steps
L - Legislation to protect working mothers
C- the Code
C- national BF committee and coordinator
117
Why is skin to skin contact immediately after birth important?
because:
- promotes bonding
- helps with BF
- associated with less infant crying
- stabilizes infant Bus
- regulates infant VS
- normalizes a c/s
118
after a SVD when should skin to skin be initiated and for how long should it last?
immediate and uninterrupted until the first BF or for an hour for the formula feeding mother or for as long as the mother wishes
119
After a C/S when should skin to skin be initiated?
Per BFHI, it should happen as soon as mother is stable and able to respond, should uninterrupted for an hour
120
what if the mother doesn't want to BF (with regards to skin to skin)
skin to skin holding for at least an hour post delivery is recommended for all babies
121
what if the infant is sick and needs extra attention?
safety first ALWAYS
once the infant is stable they should be returned to mom for skin to skin and it should then happen uninterrupted for an hour
122
what if the mother is sick after birth (with regards to skin to skin)
the baby's father or support person can be encouraged to hold baby skin to skin... this may occur in delivery room, OR or nursery... should last uninterrupted for an hour
123
what impact does BF in the first hour of life have on the duration of BF
research shows infants who BF in the first hour of life have a better suck and increased BF duration compared with infants who's first BF is delayed
124
what are the 9 distinct stages of newborn behaviour when an infant is placed on a mother's abdomen?
1. birth cry
2. relaxation (@ 2-3 mins quiet and still)
3. awakening (@ 3 mins, movement, eyes open)
4. activity ( @ 8 mins, eyes open, look for mom, sucking, drooling)
5. resting
6. crawling ( @ 20 mins, baby approaches breast by sliding, pushing, kicking feet)
7. familiarization (@45 mins, baby may lick, touch or massage breast
8. suckling ( @ 60 mins baby self attaches to nipple and begins to suck with minimal or no assistance)
9. mother and baby go into a deep sleep
125
Classification: Preterm
<37 weeks
126
Classification: Late preterm
34-36+6
127
Classification: full term
37-42
128
Classification: post term
>42
129
Classification: normal weight
2500-4200 g
130
Classification: LBW
<2500 g
131
Classification: VLBW
<1500 g
132
Classification: ELBW
<1000g
133
Classification: AGA
10%-90%
134
Classification: SGA
<10 %
135
Classification: LGA
>90%
136
Colostrum facts mnemonic:
LLLAMAS Pee Green
L-Living cells: macrophages and lymphocytes
L- Lactoferrin: binds and transports ions and offers protection against infection by keeping iron away from pathogens that need it for growth
L- Laxative: helps clear mec (and bili)... lots of easy to digest whey protein- whey to casein ratio is 90:10
A- Secretory IgA: key immunoglobulin
M- Microbiome:
A- Vitamin A
S- Sugars
P- Protein
G- Growth factors
137
Lactoferrin
binds and transports ions and offers protection against infection by keeping iron away from pathogens that need it for growth
