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terminos Flashcards

1
Q

Adstria

A

The combination of the features of the language system, explained as a result of the influence of one language on the other in the conditions of long-term coexistence and contacts of the peoples speaking these languages. The adstrate means a neutral type of language interaction, in which it does not occur ethnic assimilation and dissolving one language in another; Abstract phenomena form a layer between two independent languages.

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2
Q

archetype

A

The original, the oldest form of any word.

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3
Q

Family branch of languages

A

Language branch is a group of languages ​​within the language family combined with closer relationship.

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4
Q

External reconstruction

A

It is carried out using the material of related languages, carried out by comparing those elements of the descendants (or dialects), which are considered as rising to one primasky archetype.

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5
Q

Internal reconstruction

A

This is the construction of a hypotheses about the primasted prototypes of those or other language elements based on the data of one language.

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6
Q

Difference time

A

The conditional moment when several related languages ​​were formed from one defense. It is determined using the listings of the joint: the basic vocabulary (for) changes with a fixed average speed, and in the time of education of new words for the designation of basic vocabulary in different languages, scientists make some conclusions: compare them, determine when the difference occurred between them .

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7
Q

Genealogical classification of languages

A

Studying and grouping of the worlds of the world on the basis of determining related links between them (assigning them to one family, group), i.e., based on common origin from the alleged defense.

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8
Q

GlottTongonic convergence

A

The emergence of several languages ​​(both related and non-unrelated) common structural properties due to sufficiently long and intensive contacts of the linguistic, as well as on the basis of common for the substrate converging languages, in connection with which contact convergence and substrate convergence differ, and these types of convergences can be combined .

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9
Q

The concept of natural origin language

A

A group of theories and hypotheses, considering the occurrence of a human language as a long process of gradually becoming its formation based on communication tools of communication associated with the adaptation of certain parts of the human body to pronounce speech sounds, with the formation of a speech apparatus.

The most famous are the natural theories of the origin of the language as the theory of sound resistant, interjection, work shouts, gestures, labor.

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10
Q

Convergence

A

Rapid or coincidence of two or more linguistic entities - languages ​​or units of the language. It has two aspects - glotttonic and structural-diachronic.

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11
Q

Comparative (comparative historical linguistics)

A

Comparative (comparative historical linguistics)

The linguistics area studying the language in diachrony, the establishment of kinship of languages, the reconstruction of the primasters, groups and families, the etymology of words.

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12
Q

Cognati

A

Single words having a general origin in two or more independent languages

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13
Q

Needon vocabulary

.

A

The vocabulary that appeared in the language since its inception

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14
Q

Isolat

A

Isolat

Isolat is a language that does not come in any language family known to date. Thus, in fact, each isolated language forms a separate family consisting of only this language. (For example: Korean, Basque, Burusski, Sumerian)

Isolated only those languages ​​for which there is enough data, and the entry into the language family has not been proven for them even after strengthened attempts to do so. Otherwise, such languages ​​are called non-classified.

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15
Q

Glottongia

A

The historical process of origin, the formation and formation of both human natural sound language, the linguistic family and the languages ​​of individual ethnic groups.

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16
Q

Isolex -

A

Isogloss, showing the spread of the word

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17
Q

Isogloss

A

This (from Greek. ISOS is the same, similar to - + Glos-SA - language, speech). The line applied to the geographical map and showing the territorial distribution of a language phenomenon. (for the first time A. Bilenstein was introduced)

More special cases:

Isoofon - Isogloss, showing sound distribution

Isosintagma - isogloss, showing the distribution of the syntactic phenomenon

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18
Q

Isfta

A

The grammatical construction consisting of two nouns, of which the second is in the parental case and determines the first. The first noun at the same time acquires a special form in which it cannot have a certain article, nor Tancon.

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19
Q

Diachrony

A

Consideration of the historical development of certain language phenomenons and the language system as a whole as the subject of linguistic study.

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20
Q

Divergence

A

Language evolution, as a result of which the dialects of the same language are isolated and form independent languages.

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21
Q

Borrowing

A

An input element transferred from one language to another. It is the result of direct or indirect language contact.

There are several types:

1) borrowing of affixes: arch- anti-hyper-
2) borrowing words, lexical units
3) Borrowing of phraseologism (rarely): Achilles Fifth, not in its plate - unsuccessful French translation.

In comparatus, borrowing interferes.

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22
Q

Dialect

A

An option of the language system, which is used by some part of the tribe, the people, the nation living on one territory.
(territorial dialects)

  • from the language is distinguished by the limitations of their functions

(Do not fulfill the function of the state. Language, science language, are used primarily as a means of everyday-domestic communication and under.)

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23
Q

GLOTTOKHRONOLOGY

A

The combination of different statistical methods for dating prehistoric processes of the disintegration of language families. GLOTTOKHRONOLOGY claims to determine in the absolute or relative terms of the era of differentiation of individual languages ​​from the PRAYATE unity.

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24
Q

Dialectual continuum

A

The term applied in linguistics in the meaning of the combination of dialects, forming a continuous spatial sequence in a certain territory with minimal differences between individual dialects.

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25
Q

Reconstruction

A

Complex receptions and procedures for recreating unnecessary language states, forms, phenomena by historical comparison of the relevant units of a separate language, group or family of languages.

Reconstruction Subject: Any Elements of Language (Phone, Morphemes, Syntax, Paradigm Structures and Semantic Fields, etc.)

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26
Q

Reflex

A

The form of a descendant language in relation to Praform (archetype).

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27
Q

Related languages

A

Related calls such languages, which occurring from the same source, detect ancient general roots and affixes, regular phonetic correspondences.

28
Q

Synchronize

A

Consideration of the status of a language as a steady system at a certain point in time.

29
Q

PRAYASK

A

Praask - ancestral language, from which the languages ​​of this language family arose, is reconstructed using a comparative historical method.

30
Q

Regular phonetic compliance

A
  • Grouping words related languages ​​by identical phonetic differences, you can establish more or less regular phonetic compliances. The most regular compliances are called language laws, but more precisely should be called regularities, because They often coexist with them very often and cases of their violations - in any case, the universality of such laws can only be told only in relation to some language in a rather short period of its development.
  • An example is the ratio between solid and soft consonants before and in Russian and Ukrainian: Russian (B’Il), (K’it), (Z’ima) -Ukrainskoe Bila, Kit, Winter in an exemplary record with Russian transcription funds ( Was), (Kyt), (Zyma). This simple phonetic matching almost does not know the exceptions.
31
Q

Reconstructed Language

A

Hypothetical language system, which:

Helps to explain the transformation of private language systems.

Probably shared on the territorial options, varying in the number of new / archaic elements.

32
Q

Language contacts

A

Processes of interaction between two or several languages ​​in the language of consciousness of a separate person or in the language community.

33
Q

Language Soyuz

A

A special type of arral-historical generality of languages, characterized by a certain amount of similar structural and material signs acquired as a result of a long and intensive contact and convergent development within a single geographical space.

34
Q

Chronologization

Relative chronology - setting a sequence of changes in time in time relative to each other (without precise dating).

whistling palatalization in Praslavyansky was late later than hissing

A

Acceptance of chronologicalization is a study method in which language facts receive an absolute and relative time characteristic.

35
Q

Absolute chronology -

A

accurate dating of any linguistic fact or process (on writing monuments).

The word Uym (“Most”, “very large quantity”) penetrated a literary language from dialects not earlier than the middle of the XIX century: no in the Academic Dictionary of 1847, but there is in the regional dictionary 1852

36
Q

Language family

A

A group of languages ​​related to the sign of their linguistic relationship is common origin from the estimated base language (Praask).

37
Q

Language Areal

A

Language (linguistic) Area is a territory on which several (or many) languages ​​and dialects are common, between which the similarities explained by their geographic proximity are observed, i.e. Language contacts.

38
Q

Etymology

A

Etymology

  1. Section of linguistics (comparative historical linguistics) studying the origin of words (sustainable revolutions and less often by morpheme).
  2. Methods of studies used in identifying the history of the origin of the word (or morphemes) and the result of such detection itself.
  3. Any hypothesis about the origin of a particular word or morpheme.
39
Q

Language system

A

Many language elements that are in natural links and relations with each other, characterized by certain integrity.

40
Q

Frequentaly

A

The phenomenon occurring in the languages ​​of the world is quite often (with a probability exceeding random).

41
Q

Universal

A

(from Lat. Universalis - common, universal) Language - property inherent in all languages ​​or most of them.

The theory of linguistic universal considers and determines: 1) the general properties of all human languages, in contrast to the languages ​​of animals. 2) A combination of meaningful categories, those or other means of expressing in each language.

42
Q

Type of language

A

A steady set of leading signs of a language that are among themselves in certain bonds, and the presence or absence of some one feature determines the presence or absence of another feature or other signs.

43
Q

Toponymy

A

The section of onomastics studying geographical names, their origin, writing, pronunciation and development over time.

44
Q

Theory of waves

A

The idea of ​​distributing language innovations from the centers, where they arise, to the periphery, like circles, divergent by water from the abandoned stone and gradually sharpening. It was proposed by H.Shuhardtlm and Y. Shmidt.

As a result of the mutual influence of related languages ​​and dialects, the border between them turns out to be not so clear, similarities arise that cannot be explained by the general origin. Each such a dialect, gradually developing in a related language, is a combination (“bundle”) waves (isogloss). With the disappearance of intermediate links (dialects or languages), there may be clearer differences between related languages. When maintaining such links, the differences between related languages ​​(for example, Western-Romanesque: French, Provencal and others) are continuous, and related languages ​​gradually go to each other through a number of intermediate dialects, which are particularly difficult to distinguish the distinction of ancient and later dialectic connections.

45
Q

Taxon

A

(from Greek. τάάςς - construction, order, location and νόμος - law) - a set of principles and rules for the classification of linguistic objects (languages ​​and linguistic units), as well as this classification itself.

46
Q

Superstrat

A

The combination of the features of the language system not derived from the internal laws of the development of the study language and explained as a result of dissolving in the language under study of the nagging ethnic groups assimilated by the population.

47
Q

Substrate

A

The totality of the features of the language system unwanted from the internal laws of the development of this language and ascending to the language disseminated earlier on this linguographic territory. The substrate, in contrast to borrowing, implies a wide ethnic mixture and linguistic assimilation by the aliens of the indigenous population through the stage of bilingualism.

48
Q

Step reconstruction

A

When using this method, the system of a specific definition = “and a set of morpheme (lexing), which consisted of these phones, was first reconstructed.

These data are then used for comparison with other reconstructed defense,

As a result of this comparison, a deeper level is restored.

49
Q

List of sonars

A
  • List of “primary vocabulary”. It is used to establish kinship of languages ​​(since it first appears in the language. Primary vocabulary - words to indicate the phenomena of nature, some animals and plants, pronouns, the names of relatives, etc.).
  • exists in 100-words and 200-words.
50
Q

Comparison

A

Universal reception of linguistic studies, dominating in compaidating.

Comparison can be:

Genetic

comparable

typological

51
Q

Monogenesis

A

(Greek Monos - One; Genesis - Bible, Origin) Theory, which claims that the human speech arose in one place, and, therefore, all languages ​​originate from one defense. Based on the biological concept of the origin of mankind from one association, tribe.

52
Q

Nostratic languages

A

Hypothetical macros, uniting several Language families in Europe, Asia and Africa: Altai, Indo-European, Dravidian, Ural-Yukagirskiy, Carvela, Eskimo-Aleutskiy, Afrazian.

53
Q

Polygenesis

A

(Greek. Poly - Many, Genesis - Bible, Origin) Theory, which assumes the presence of many foci of the origin of speech. It originated before the theory of monogenesis.

54
Q

Linguistic typology

A

One of the types of systematization of languages; Comparative study of the structural and functional properties of languages, regardless of the nature of genetic relations between them.

55
Q

Lingvony

A

The name applied to languages ​​and related lexical units - dialects, dialects, language families, etc. Closely related to the term “ethnonym”.

56
Q

Dead language

A

The language that has been used as a means of communication and has survived only in written (monuments, individual inscriptions) and onomastic evidence, in glossas and borrowings.

57
Q

MacroPromativism

A

Section of linguistic compraity, studying far-linguistic relationship

58
Q

Macros

A

Combines several language families on the basis of the assumption about their deep relationship.

59
Q

Analogy

A

Analogy

The formation of one language form on the sample and the likeness of another; reproduction of the structural characteristics of one unit to another; process of formation of forms; Often - transferring relationships between a pair or series of units to another pair, series (type “Table: Tables” or “House: House” on “Tractor: Tractors” or “Cat: Cat”).

60
Q

Lexicostatism

A

Lexicostatism

The method of comparative linguistics, which includes a comparison of the percentage of lexically related words between languages ​​to determine their relationship. Lexicostatistics is associated with the comparative method, but does not reconstruct the proto language. It should be distinguished from glotchronology.

61
Q

Linguistic Paleontology

A

A combination of linguistic studies and appropriate techniques, with the help of which the most archaic elements of the language are detected and interpreted, persistent in history and this state as a remnant of lost more ancient systems.

62
Q

Linguistic reconstruction

A

“Restoration” of general for several related language of ancestor (defense) by comparing and identifying common properties that are supposed to appear / developed from the ancestor language. There may also be conducted internalized reconstruction (in cases where the language has not been established related)

The internal reconstruction uses the data of one language to build a hypotheses about the prototype of this language, that is, it is based on the data of this language only.

The external reconstruction establishes signs of ancestor of two or more related languages ​​belonging to one language family using the comparative method. The language, reconstructed in this way, is often referred to as a protocate or pricing (the overall ancestor of all languages ​​in this family); Examples: Praiado European, Pradravidsky, Praafrazian.

63
Q

Monogenesis

A

(Greek Monos - One; Genesis - Bible, Origin) Theory, which claims that the human speech arose in one place, and, therefore, all languages ​​originate from one defense. Based on the biological concept of the origin of mankind from one association, tribe.

64
Q

Polygenesis

A

(Greek. Poly - Many, Genesis - Bible, Origin) Theory, which assumes the presence of many foci of the origin of speech. It originated before the theory of monogenesis.

65
Q

Nostratic languages

A

Hypothetical macros, uniting several Language families in Europe, Asia and Africa: Altai, Indo-European, Dravidian, Ural-Yukagirskiy, Carvela, Eskimo-Aleutskiy, Afrazian.

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