Terminology, patho and ddx

Question 1

Describing clinical observations

Answer 1

• location - anatomical
• number - no. of abnormalities
• description - colour, shape, size
• staging/severity

Question 2

hyperaemia

Answer 2

redness typically due to an excess of blood in blood vessels

- often due to an engorgement and dilation of blood vessels

Question 3

oedema / chemosis

Answer 3

swelling due to increase in size due to accumulation of fluid or other material
chemosis - swelling of conj.

Question 4

opacity

Answer 4

lack of transparency

ie. of cornea, lens vitreous

Question 5

erosions & ulcers

Answer 5

erosion: loss of underlying epithelial layer without underlying inflammation
ulcer: loss of overlying epithelial layer on top of inflamed base

Question 6

infiltrate

Answer 6

accumulation of WBCs

Question 7

exudates/discharge

Answer 7

exudate: fluid filtered from circulatory system
serous exudate: protein
eg. anterior chamber ‘flare’
relatively clear, but quite thick - egg white consistency
fibrinous exudate: high fibrin content – allows blood clot
purulent exudate: primarily neutrophils, necrotic cells and tissue
pus –> associated w some sort of infection

Question 8

serous discharge

Answer 8

watery

acute viral conj, acute allergic conj

Question 9

mucoid discharge

Answer 9

white, stringy

allegic conj, vernal conj, early chlamydial conj, or dry eye

Question 10

mucopurulent discharge

Answer 10

yellowish, sticky

mild bacterial conj, late chlamydial conj

Question 11

purulent discharge

Answer 11

yellow, creamy, crusty, possibly odorous

severe acute bacterial conj

Question 12

fibropurulent (severe purulent)

Answer 12

membranous. pseuodmembraneous
severe vial (EKC or HSV)
streptococcus, gonoccoccus, C. diphtheriae

Question 13

fibrosis

Answer 13

scar formation
tissue remodelling, deposit of unorganised connective tissue (collagen)
potential loss of function (eg. corneal scar - left w disorganised collagen fibrils - can’t transmit light - can’t see

Question 14

telangiectasia

Answer 14

small, dilated blood vessels on the surface of the skin

associated w acne rosacea

Question 15

neovascularisation

Answer 15

growth of new blood vessels
- usually an indicator of prolonged hypoxia (lack of oxygen) in the eye
(poor blood flow within the eye)

Question 16

avascular structures of the eye

Answer 16

cornea
anterior chamber angle
iris
vitreous

Question 17

eccymosis

Answer 17

discolouration due to underlying bleeding (bruising)

broken blood vessels –> pooling of blood

Question 18

how effects of inflammation helps the body

Answer 18

redness (vasodilation) - increase delivery of blood components
oedema (vasodilation and vascular permeability)
heat (vasodilation)
pain and loss of function - prevent further tissue damage

Question 19

innate and adaptive immunity

Answer 19

innate immunity - rapid response –> able to identify pathogen and initiate an inflammatory, rapid response
adaptive immunity - slow response – specific response to a specific type of pathogen