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Anthropology Exam 1 > Terminology Part 1 > Flashcards

Terminology Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Human paleontology

A

Study of human and primate fossil record

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2
Q

Osteology

A

Study of the human skeleton
Examples: porotic hyperostosis (caused by an iron deficiency)
Harris lines in skeleton evidence of stunted growth due to malnutrition, disease, etc

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3
Q

Anthropometry

A

Study of physical measurements of the human body
Example: Incans had a larger heart due to high elevation and helped avoided hypoxia

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4
Q

Archaeology

A

Study of history through remains
Examples: Aztec Burials, Lascaux cave, Etowah Indian mounds

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5
Q

Emic perspective

A

The way people view their own behavior, an insider’s perspective

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6
Q

Etic perspective

A

An outsider’s perspective

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7
Q

First attribute of culture

A

Learned; taught by others

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8
Q

Vertical (Learned)

A

Parents teaching children

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9
Q

Horizontal (Learned)

A

Between peers

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10
Q

Oblique (learned)

A

One to many (media, influencers, politicians)

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11
Q

2nd attribute to culture

A

Shared; everyone participates

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12
Q

3rd attribute to culture

A

Dynamic; always changing (9/11 and security)

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13
Q

Beri Beri, Thailand

A

The connection between rice and the high concentration of thyroid disease was figured out by anthropologists living in and participating in their culture (method is called participant observation)

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14
Q

Sue Fishers study in So. California with hysterectomies

A

Found that Hispanic women would be offered more invasive treatments (hysterectomy) for reproductive cancer than Non Hispanic white women

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15
Q

Holistic

A

All perspectives are examined to explain human phenomenon

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16
Q

Comparative

A

Only two perspectives are compared

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17
Q

Types of adaptions

A

Genetic, developmental, cultural

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18
Q

Genetic adaptation

A

Sickle cell anemia and high rates of malaria

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19
Q

Developmental adaption

A

Vasoconstriction/ dilation with the Eskimo people and maintaining body heat when submerged in icy water

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20
Q

Cultural

A

Satisfies people’s need ands wants

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21
Q

Ayahuasca

A

Hallucinogenic drink used by tribes in the Amazon that helps rid the body of internal parasites

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22
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

The belief that one’s culture is the best way of doing things

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23
Q

Xenophobia

A

Fear of things foreign

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24
Q

Cultural relativism

A

Idea that cultural values and practices should be understood with their own cultural context

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25
Q

Elderly eskimos

A

They would walk in the icy water and drown as a way to not slow down the group or be a burden

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26
Q

Values

A

Emotionally charged preferences

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27
Q

Japan Values

A

Nude bathing, noticeable condom factories, tv commercials

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28
Q

Idiosyncratic

A

Values that are based on an individual, (vegetarian)

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29
Q

Nativ Tasmanians

A

Were brutally treated by the English due to their perspective that their way of life was superior to theirs

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30
Q

Innovation

A

Any new practice, tool, or value that becomes widely embraced

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31
Q

Invention

A

A rearrangement of pre-existing knowledge or technologies

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32
Q

Discovery

A

New knowledge or technology

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33
Q

Diffusion

A

Spreading of culture over time and geographic space

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34
Q

Diffusion of horses

A

Become very integrated in Native American culture, like hunting, way they dressed, how they traveled, etc

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35
Q

Spiritism

A

Began in mid 19th century Franc, mix of Christian moral code with reincarnation and spirits

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36
Q

Dr. Fritz

A

Spirit of a dead German doctor that possesses a medium named Mauricio Malgaehes and treats and performs surgeries on patients

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37
Q

Results of Dr. Fritz care

A

Many people have success and reasons why could be of how thoroughly they prep patients beforehand, before hand religious beliefs, and the placebo effect

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38
Q

Adaption

A

Any trait/condition that maximizes and organism to meet its basic needs and to successfully reproduce

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39
Q

Functionalism

A

Cultural traits that have an adaptive function

40
Q

The Hopi and high mesas

A

Adaptive method that was used for defense purposes and protection against other tribes

41
Q

Adaptionist trap

A

Tendency to see everything as adaptive

42
Q

Clean revolution

A

When people wanted to improve their hygiene such as the use of listerine, daily bathing, brushing their teeth, deodorant, etc.

43
Q

Maladaptive behavior

A

Any behavior that brings harms or reduce life on organisms life

44
Q

Polyandry

A

Women have multiple partners

45
Q

Subscinsion

A

Extreme circumcision practiced among Australian aboriginals that would often impair a male’s ability to reproduce

46
Q

Conformity

A

The evolutionary need to conform to one’s environment

47
Q

Corsets

A

Women would often have miscarriages, faint, would rearrange their internal organs

48
Q

Chinese foot binding

A

Women would bind their feet and leave themselves crippled to have tiny feet and gain higher status within marriage

49
Q

Aztec tooth carving

A

Sign of high status for warriors but would often lead to bacterial infections in the incisors

50
Q

Animism

A

Belief that everything in nature has a soul and is alive

51
Q

Clan

A

Can be traced back to a single ancestor, matrilineal or patrilineal

52
Q

Proximate cause

A

Obvious causes for warfare, religious beliefs, political beliefs, resources

53
Q

Ultimate cause

A

Evolutionary cause! Trust the familiar, distrust the foreign

54
Q

Tribes

A

Single or multi settlement, more than one kin, numbers vary, may have a hierarchy

55
Q

Pastoralism

A

Primary food is livestock, shown typically with nomads

56
Q

Transhumance

A

Moving livestock seasonally

57
Q

Horticulture

A

Back yard gardening, use simple hand-tools and simple farming techniques

58
Q

Agriculture

A

Farming with aim of having surplus, used for large populations

59
Q

Chiefdom

A

Great population, composed of more than one tribe, social stratification, usually agricultural

60
Q

State

A

Highly stratified, always has agriculture, full time army, class system

61
Q

Pohteca

A

War heroes in Aztec culture

62
Q

Tlatoani

A

Aztec governors

63
Q

Tzompantli

A

Wooden rock used to display heads of the sacrificed in Aztec culture

64
Q

Chinampas

A

Artificial islands built on lakes or ponds for agriculture, used in meso-america

65
Q

Location of the Basseri

A

Southern Iran

66
Q

Religion of the basseri

A

Shiah muslims

67
Q

Basseri life

A

Organized into camps, tribal groups, 16k population, have arranged marriage, patrilineal, have a chief

68
Q

Basseri agriculture

A

Use domesticated animals (sheep’s and goat) mostly trade milk products

69
Q

Ju Hoansi location

A

Southern Africa (Botswana and Namibia)

70
Q

Ju hoansi Substinence

A

Hunting, gathering, foraging, the people have great tracking skills

71
Q

Ju Hoansi migration?

A

Nomads, stationary during dry season, on the move in rainy season

72
Q

Ju Hoansi marriage

A

Many rules on who you can marry, many end in divorce

73
Q

Ju Hoansi religions

A

Strongly believe in egalitarianism (equality) oxen Christmas story

74
Q

Gangwasi

A

ancestral spirits that are believed to be the cause of illness in Ju Hoansi culture

75
Q

Animatism

A

the belief that there is power in all forces around us.

76
Q

Ojibwa location

A

North Midwest of USA, Southern Canada

77
Q

Effects on Ojibwa with the fur trade

A

Changed culture drastically
Led to warfare
Infectious diseases
Allies with The Huron
Most lands were taken away

78
Q

Ojibwa beliefs

A

Egalitarianism, animism, animatism

79
Q

What were the grandfathers

A

Supernatural beings in the Ojibwa culture

80
Q

Midewiwin

A

Healers in the Ojibwa tribe

81
Q

Ojibwa today

A

Many have assimilated, some still on reserves, many participate in tribal casinos

82
Q

Samuel Champlain

A

French explorer and cartographer that lived and fought with the Huron

83
Q

Gabriel Sagard

A

Missionary in the Huron Country that mastered their language

84
Q

Jesuit priests

A

Sent to Huron country to convert them and would send reports to solicit funds, these reports were often exaggerated

85
Q

Huron Geography and climate

A

Located in upstate Michigan and southern Ontario
Cold, snowy winters, and warm summers

86
Q

Huron beliefs

A

Had gods, believed in animism

87
Q

Huron life

A

Separate tribes, big long houses with 6 families each in them, matrilineal

88
Q

Huron tribes

A

The bear, the rock, the cord, the deer

89
Q

Jobs for the Huron

A

Women worked the crops and home chores, men did the hunting and clearing of the fields

90
Q

Huron subsistence

A

Corn, beans, squash, tobacco, sunflowers, hunting, and fish

91
Q

War fare and motives

A

Clashed with the Iroquois specifically the Seneca,
Revenge, prestige, and religion mandated it

92
Q

Huron Marriage, affection, children

A

Men would live in women’s house, pre marital sex, adultery, PDA looked down upon, refrained from sex postpartum, women weren’t suppose to cry in labor

93
Q

Huron witchcraft

A

Very serious, were killed if accused, people would accuse because of jealousy, antisocialness, repeated misbehavior

94
Q

Huron Attitude to death

A

Huron were scared of death,
Held a feast of the dead- dig up their dead, and buried gifts in a communal burial

95
Q

Satisfaction of soul desires

A

Revealed by dream
Illnesses would be cause if soul did not become satisfied
Individual would receive what they dreamed or have substitutes
Allowed for the breakdown of customs

96
Q

Porotic hyperstasis

A

Porous bone tissue caused by iron deficiency

Anthropology Exam 1 (1 decks)

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