terminology ch 1, 2

Question 1

attending

Answer 1

refers to an intensity of presence, being there for and in tune with the pt. (this minimizes the pt’s sense of isolation)

Question 2

patient advocate

Answer 2

not a legal role but an ethical one
one who speaks up for another’s cause who helps others by defending and comforting them, esp when the other person lacks the knowledge, skills, ability or status to speak for himself/herself.

Question 3

caring

Answer 3

the most natural and most fundamental aspect of human existence-involves how we relate to each other, how we show concern for each other in our daily life.

Question 4

clinical algorithms

Answer 4

step by step guidelines prepared in a flowchart format. especially helpful in deciding what medications to use considering a wide variety of variables related to the pt’s personal situation (age, gender current meds, ethnic origin, allergies)

Question 5

clinical/critical pathways

Answer 5

usually specific to the institution using them, used in relation to a specific population and serve as a “map” for specified treatments and interventions to occur within a specific time frame, often days.

Question 6

clinical practice guidelines

Answer 6

systematically developed statements that identify, appraise and summarize the best evidence about prevention, diagnosis, prognosis, therapy, and other knowledge necessary to make informed decisions about specific health problems. The APA (american psychiatric association’s) clinical practice guidelines and the National quality measures clearinghouse offer such guidelines. US dept of health and human services sponsors a national guidelines pertaining to a wide range of medical mental health conditions (www.guidelines.gov)

Question 7

Evidence Based Practice (EBP)

Answer 7

the method for using treatment approaches to medical illness and mental health illness that are scientifically grounded or evidence based.

Question 8

nurse-patient partnership

Answer 8

emphasis on “relationship” in the recovery model

Question 9

recovery model

Answer 9

a social model of disability rather than a medical model of disability. Originated from a 12-step AA. Refers primarily to managing symptoms, reducing psychosocial disability and improving role performance. goal is to empower those with mental illness to find meaning and satisfaction in their lives, realized personal potential and function at their optimal level of independence.

Question 10

mandates of the recovery model

Answer 10

1. mental health care is to be consumer and family driven
2. care must focus on increasing consumer’s ability to be successful in coping with life’s challanges, facilitating recovery and building resilience–not just managing symptoms
3. an individualized plan of care is to be at the core of consumer-centered recovery–recovery oriented services that allow consumers to realize improved mental health and quality of life.
4. consumers must be partners in decision making in all aspects of care

Question 11

psychiatric mental health nursing

Answer 11

a core mental health profession employs a purposeful use of self as its art and a wide range of nursing, psychosocial, and neurobiological theories and research evidence as its science.

Question 12

three fundumental elements of pt advocacy

Answer 12

1. ensure pts are informed of their rights in a particular situation, including the right to refuse treatment
2. to support pts and decisions they make
3. to protect pts which includes reporting threats to their well being.

Question 13

biologically based mental illness/ psychobiological disorder

Answer 13

mental disorder caused by neurotransmitter dysfunction, abnormal brain structure,inherited genetic factors or other biological causes.

Question 14

name some biologically influenced illnesses

Answer 14

schizophrenia
bipolar disorder
major depression
obsessive-compulsive and panic disorders
posttraumatic stress disorder
autism
Other severe and disabling mental disorders include:
anorexia nervosa
attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
many of the most prevalent and disabling mental disorders have been found to ahve strong biological influences; therefore we can look at these disorders as "diseases"

Question 15

culture-related syndromes

Answer 15

appear to be more influenced by culture alone and are not seen in all areas of the world

• running amok (southeast asia) violet behavior
• pibloktoq ( greenland, alaska and arctic regions of canada) uncontrollable desire to tear one’s clothes off and expose oneself to severe winter weather
• anorexia nervosa (europe, north america, australia) voluntary starvation

Question 16

Stigma

Answer 16

an attribute that is deeply discrediting where a person is reduced from a whole unusual person to a tainted, discounted one.

Question 17

Processes that lead to stigmatization

Answer 17

stereotyping, labeling, separating, status loss, and discrimination in a context of power imbalance.

Question 18

distress

Answer 18

painful symptom

Question 19

disability

Answer 19

impairment in one or more important areas of functioning

Question 20

resiliency

Answer 20

the ability to recover from or adjust easily to misfortune and change. Closely associated with the process of adapting and helps people facing tragedy, loss, trauma and severe stress. Resilient people recognize the feelings, readily deal with them and learn from the experience given time.

Question 21

epidemiology

Answer 21

quantitative study of the distribution of disorders in human populations

Question 22

prevalence rate

Answer 22

proportion of a population with a mental disorder at a given time

Question 23

myths and misconceptions about mental illness

Answer 23

1. to be mentally ill is to be different and odd

2. to be mentally healthy a person must be logical and rational

Question 24

psychiatry’s definition of normal mental health

Answer 24

this definition of normal mental health changes over time and reflects changes in cultural norms, society’s expectations and values, professional biases, individual differences and even the political climate of the time.

Question 25

some attributes of mental health

Answer 25

accurate appraisal of reality
ability to love and experience joy
capacity to deal with conflicting emotions
ability to live without (undue) fear, guilt or anxiety
ability to take responsibility for one’s own actions
ability to control one’s own behavior
think clearly (problem solve, use good judgement, reason logically, reach insightful conclusions, be creative)
relate to others (form relationshiips, have close, loving , adaptive relationships, experience empathy toward others, manage interpersonal conflict constructively)
attain self-defined spirituality
negotiate each developmental task
ability to work and be productive
maintain a healthy self concept and self-value
ability to play and laugh

Question 26

DSM-5 The Diagnostic and Statistical Entities Manual of Mental Disorders

Answer 26

current official guidebook for categorizing and diagnosing psychiatric mental health disorders in the US

Question 27

The DSM-IV-TR organized each psychiatric diagnosis into five levels (axes) relating to defferent aspects of disorder or diability. What is each Axis for?

Answer 27

Axis I particular disorder that may be a focus of treatment
Axis II personality disorders and mental retardation
Axix III general medical conditions believed to be relevant to the mental disorder in question
Axis IV psychosocial and environmental problems that affect diagnosis, treatment and prognosis
Axis V Global Assessment of Function (GAF) gave an indication of the persons’s best level of psychological, social and occupational functioning during the preceding year rated on a scale of 1- 100 ( 1 indicates persistent danger of severely hurting oneself or others and 100 indicates superior functioning in a variety of activities at the time of the eval and months prior)

Question 28

co-occuring or dual diagnosis

Answer 28

example: a person with a heroin addiction would be diagnosed on axis I as having a substance-related disorder (DSM-5: opioid use disorder) and have a long standing antisocial personality disorder which would be noted on Axis II

Question 29

mental illnesses

Answer 29

medical conditions that affect a person’s thinking, feeling, mood, ability to relate to others and daily functioning. the result of a chain of events that include flawed biological, psychological, social and cultural processes.. are treatable recovery is always a possibility