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psychology 110 > terminology Ch 1-2 > Flashcards

terminology Ch 1-2 Flashcards

1
Q

consciousness

A

subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment

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2
Q

Variables

A
  • subjects of observation

- how two or more items are related to each other

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3
Q

Correlation Coefficient

A
  • A statistical measure helps us figure out how closely two things vary together and this how well either one predicts the other
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4
Q

Corelate

A

Naturalistic observation and surveys often show us that one trait or behaviour tends to coincide with another shows that the two correlate.

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5
Q

Case study

A

examines one individual or group in depth in the hope of revealing things true of all of us.

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6
Q

Meta-analysis

A

is a procedure for statistically synthesizing a body of scientific evidence. By combining the results of many studies, researchers avoid the problems of small samples and arrive at a bottom-line result.

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7
Q

Preregistration

A

Psychologists publicly communicate their planned study design, hypothesis, data collection, and analysis. Prevents modifications later.

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8
Q

Replicate

A

Test can be repeated with the original observations but in different settings and people and it will generate similar results.

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9
Q

Operational Definitions

A

Psychologist report their research with precise, measurable operational definitions of research procedure and concepts.

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10
Q

Hypothesis

A

A good theory procedures testable predictions

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11
Q

Theory

A

Explains behaviours or events by offering ideas that organize observations

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12
Q

Hindsight bias

A
  • example: after a war it was easy to see the winner
  • Knowing something after being explained
  • when two answers can seem to be both common sense there is a problem.
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13
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

is observation of people, animals or nature in their natural environments.

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14
Q

survey

A

looks at many cases, asking people to report their behaviours

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15
Q

Random Sample

A

Randomly choosing people of a large group to participate in the experiment/survey

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16
Q

Evidence Based

A

Policies, strategies, and programs have been shown by research to be effective in achieving specified objectives

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17
Q

Population

A

sample group- Ex: college student population

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18
Q

range

A

the gap between the lowest and highest scores

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19
Q

Mean

A

The average score: all the totals added together and divided by the number of scores

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20
Q

Standard Deviation

A

How much scores deviate (differ) from one another

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21
Q

Median

A

The middle

  • if you arrange the numbers from lowest to highest the middle would be the median
  • 123456789 the median would be 5
  • 12345678 the median would be 4.5
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22
Q

Mode

A

the most frequently occurring score or scores

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23
Q

Pituitary Gland

A
  • Pea sized located in the brain.
  • growth hormones, Oxytocin, which enables labour contractions, milk flow and orgasms.
  • stress hormone cortisol.
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24
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

On top of the kidneys to release epinephrine and norepinephrine.
- these raise heart rate, blood pressure and blood sugar providing a surge of energy.

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25
Hormones
Hormones travel through the bloodstream and affect other tissues including the brain. - when hormones act on the brain they influence our interest in sex food and aggression.
26
Endocrine System
contains glands and fat tissue that secrete another form of chemical messenger (hormones)
27
Reflexes
- our automatic responses to stimuli - The spinal cord is a two-way information highway - a simple reflex pathway is composed of a single sensory neuron and a single motor neuron: Ex a knee jerk reflex.
28
Parasympathetic Nervous system
will produce the opposite effects (slowing down) conserving energy as it calms you. - after a shock this system will help lower the adrenaline in the system.
29
Sympathetic nervous system
Arouses and expends energy - accelerate heart rate, raise blood pressure, slow your digestion. - endorphins- to excite
30
Automatic Nervous system
- Controls our glands and our internal organ muscles | - controls glands, heartbeat, digestion and breathing.
31
Somatic nervous system
Enable voluntary control of our skeletal muscles - friend taps you on the shoulder your somatic nervous system reports to your brain and then carries the message back, triggering your head to turn towards her.
32
Interneurons
Processes the information between the sensory neurons and the motor neurons
33
motor neurons (efferent: outward)
Carry instructions from the central nervous system outward to the body muscles and glands
34
Sensory neurons (Afferent: towards the center)
Carry messages from the body's tissues and sensory receptors inwards (Thus they are afferent) to the brain and the spinal cord for processing.
35
peripheral nervous system
Is responsible for gathering information and for transmitting CNS (Central nervous system) decisions to other body parts.
36
Central nervous system
the body's decision maker.
37
nervous system
- A communication network that takes in information from the world and the body's tissues, makes decisions and sends back information and orders to the body's tissues.
38
Antagonists
decrease a neurotransmitters action by blocking production or release ( such as certain drugs)
39
Antagonists
decrease a neurotransmitters action by blocking production or release ( such as certain drugs)
40
Agoist
Molecules increase a neurotransmitters actions
41
Endorphins
- "morphine within" - natural opiate like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure.
42
reuptake
the excess neurotransmitters are broken down by enzymes or are reabsorbed by the sending neuron (reuptake)
43
Neurotransmitters
- chemical messengers between the axon and dendrites they cross the synaptic gap between the neurons
44
Synapse
the junction between the axon tip and the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. the tiny junction is called the synaptic gap.
45
All-or-none-response
- A neurons reaction of either firing (with a full strength response) or not firing. - How to distinguish gentle touch vs strong touch- more neurons will fire with a strong touch.
46
refractory period
Neurons need short breaks ( a tiny fraction of an eye-blink).
47
Threshold
the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse.
48
action potential
A brief electrical charge that travels down its axon
49
Glial cells
Cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons; they also play a role in learning, thinking and memory.
50
Myelin Sheath
A fatty tissue layer encasing the axons of some neurons enables greater speed of transmission - related to sclerosis.
51
Axon
the segmented neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscles or glands.
52
Dendrite
A neurons often bushy, bouncing extensions that receive and integrate messages, conducting impulses toward the cell body.
53
Cell body
the part of a neuron that contains the nucleus; the cells life-support center.
54
Neurons
Are nerve cells that are born and with and without use.
55
neuroplasticity
the brain is constantly changing this neural change is called neuroplasticity.
56
Biological psychologists
- use advanced technologies to study the links between biological (genetic, neural, hormonal ) processes and psychological processes.
57
Inferential statistics
inferential statistics determine if data can be generalized to other populations
58
descriptive statistics
Descriptive statistics summarize data
59
Statistically significant
- null hypothesis means no difference but when there is a difference that cannot be overlooked it is stated to be statistically significant.
60
Normal curve
Large numbers of data often form a symmetrical, bell shaped distribution. most cases fall near the mean, and fewer cases fall to either extreme. This bell shaped distribution is so typical that we call the curve it forms the normal curve.
61
Debrief
Fully debrief the participants on the experiment and the deceptions if any.
62
Informed consent
get consent from the participant after they have been informed about the experiment
63
dependent variable
- experiments examine the effect of one or more independent variables on some measurable behaviour, called the dependent variable because it can vary depending on what takes place during the experiment.
64
Confounding Variables
- Other factors that can potentially influence a study's results - random assignment can control for possible confounding variables.
65
independent variable
it can be varied independently from other factors
66
Placebo effect
just thinking you are getting a treatment can make you feel better.
67
double blind procedure
neither the participant nor the person administrating the meds know which treatment they are getting/giving.
68
Randomly assign people
Randomly assigning the test group to each condition. whether it be the number system or random draws.
69
Control group
this group does not get the treatment
70
experimental group
in which people receive treatment (such as reduced screen time or the sleeping pill.
71
Experiment
Experiments enable researchers to isolate the effects of one or more factors by (1) manipulating the factors of interest and (2) holding constants (controlling) other factors.
72
regression toward the mean
the illusion that uncontrollable events corelate with our actions is also fed by a statistical phenomenon- regression toward the mean.
73
Illusionary Correlation
correlations not only make clear the relationships we might otherwise miss; they also keep us from falsely observing non existent relationships. If we believe in something we are more likely to find reasons to confirm it.
74
Scatterplots
graphs of evidence.

psychology 110 (3 decks)

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