Terminology and Acronyms Flashcards
Relating to Corrosion
1
Q
Abrasion Resistance
A
The ability of material to resist being worn away and to maintain its original appearance and structure when subjected to rubbing, scraping, or wear.
2
Q
Abrasive
A
A solid substance that, owing to its hardness, toughness, size shape consistency, or other properties, is suitable for grinding, cutting, roughening, polishing, or cleaning a surface by friction or high-velocity impact.
3
Q
Abrasive Blast Cleaning
A
Cleaning and roughening of a surface produced by the high-velocity impact of an abrasive that is propelled by the discharge of pressurized fluid from a blast nozzle or by a mechanical device such as a centrifugal blasting well. [also referred to as ABRASIVE BLASTING]
4
Q
Abrasive Blasting
A
See Abrasive Blast Cleaning
5
Q
Accelerator
A
A chemical substance that increases the rate at which a chemical reaction (e.g., curing) would otherwise occur.
6
Q
AC Impedance
A
See Electrochemical Impedance
7
Q
Acrylic
A
Type os resin polymerized from acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, esters of these acids, or acrylonitrile.
8
Q
Activator
A
A chemical substance that initiates a chemical reaction (e.g., curing) Heat and radiation may also serve as activators for some chemical reactions.
9
Q
Active
A
(1) A State of a metal surface that is corroding without significant influence of reaction product. (2) The negative direction of electrode potential.
10
Q
Active-passive cell
A
An electrochemical cell in which the anode is a metal in the active state and the cathode is the same metal in the passive state.
11
Q
Adduct Curing Agent
A
A material that is formed by prereacting the curing agent with a portion of the resin component of the coating.
12
Q
Adhesion
A
The state in which two surfaces are held together by chemical interfacial forces, mechanical interlocking forces, or both.
13
Q
Aeration Cell
A
See Differential Aeration Cell
14
Q
Aging
A
(1) The process of exposing materials to an environment of an interval of time. (2) Change in metallurgical properties that generally occurs slowly at room temperature (natural aging) and more rapidly at higher temperature (artificial aging).
15
Q
Air Drying
A
Process by which an applied wet coat converts to a dry coating film by evaporation of solvent or reaction with oxygen as a result of simple exposure to air without intentional additional of heat or a curing agent.
16
Q
Airless Spraying
A
Process of spraying coating liquids using hydraulic pressure, not air pressure, to atomize.
17
Q
Alkyd
A
Type of resin formed bu the reaction of polyhydric alcohols and polybasic acids, part of which is derived from saturated or unsaturated oils or fats.
18
Q
Alligatoring
A
Pronounced wide cracking over the surface of a coating, which has the appearance of alligator hide.
19
Q
Alloy steel
A
an iron-based alloy containing carbon (usually less than 2.5 mass percent), manganese (usually greater than 0.25 mass percent), and specified minimum quantities of one or more alloying elements other than manganese, silicon, and copper, but does not contain 10.5 mass percent or greater chromium.
20
Q
Alternate Immersion
A
Exposure to environmental cycles, each involving immersion in a fluid for a period of time followed bu removal from that fluid or another period of time.
21
Q
Amphoteric Metal
A
A metal that is susceptible to corrosion in both acidic and alkaline environments.
22
Q
Anaerobic
A
Absence of air or free (molecular) oxygen.
23
Q
Anchor Pattern
A
See Surface Profile
24
Q
Anion
A
A negatively charged Ion.
25
Anneal
Heat to and hold at a temperature appropriate for the specific material and then cool at a suitable rate, for such purposes as reducing harness, improving machinability, or obtaining desired properties.
26
Anode
The electrode of an electrochemical cell at which oxidation occurs. (electrons flow away from the anode in external circuit. It is usually the electrode where corrosion occurs and metal ions enter solution.)
27
Anode Cap
An electrical insulating material placed over the end of the anode at the lead wire connection.
28
Anode Corrosion Efficiency
The ration of the actual corrosion (mass loss) of an anode to the theoretical corrosion (mass loss) calculated from the quantity of electricity that has passed between the anode and cathode using Faraday's law.
29
Anodic Inhibitor
A corrosion inhibitor whose primary action is to reduce the rate of the anodic reaction, producing a positive shift in corrosion potential.
30
Anodic Polarization
The change of electrode potential caused by an anodic current flowing across the electrode/electrolyte interface. (2) A forced noble (positive) shift in electrode potential. [See POLARIZATION.]
31
Anodic Protection
A technique to reduce the corrosion rate of a metal surface by polarizing that surface to a more oxidizing potential.
32
Anodizing
An electrochemical oxidation process that converts the surface of a metal (such as aluminum or titanium) to an oxide coating.
33
Anolyte
The electrolyte adjacent to the anode of electrochemical cell
34
Antifouling
Preventing fouling
35
Atmospheric Zone
The portion of a marine structure that extends upward from the splash zone and is exposed to sun, wind, water spray, and rain.
36
Attenuation
Electrical losses in a conductor caused by current flow in the conductor.
37
Auger Electron Spectroscopy
Analytical technique in which the sample surface is irradiated with low-energy electrons and the energy spectrum of electrons emitted from the surface is measured.
38
Austenite
The face-centered cubic crystalline phase of iron or iron-based alloys.
39
Austenitic/Ferritic Stainless Steel
See Duplex Stainless Steel
40
Austenitizing
Forming Asutenite by heating iron or iron-based alloys to temperature in the transformation range (partial austenitizing) or above the transformation range (complete austenitizing).
41
Auxiliary Electrode
See Counter Electrode
42
Backfill
Material placed in a hole to fill the space around the anodes, vent pipe, and buried components of a cathodic protection system.
43
Barcol Hardness
A hardness value obtained by measuring the resistance of rubbers, plastics, or coatings to indentation by a steel impresser under spring load in accordance with Test Method D2583.
44
Barrier Coating
(1) A coating that has a high resistance to permeation of liquids and/or gases. (2) a coating that is applied over a previously coated during subsequent handling.
45
Beach Marks
The characteristic markings on the fracture surfaces produced by fatigue crack propagation. [also known as arrest marks, clamshell marks, and conchoidal marks]
46
Beta Curve
A plot of dynamic (fluctuating) interference current or related proportional voltage (ordinate) versus the corresponding structure-to-electrolyte potentials at a selected location on the affected structure (abscissa)
47
Binder
The nonvolatile portion of the vehicle of a formulated coating material.
48
Bituminous Coating
An asphalt or coal-tar compound used to provide a protective coating for a surface.
49
Blast Angle
(1) The angle of the blast nozzle with reference to the surface during abrasive blast cleaning. (2) The angle of the abrasive particles propelled from a centrifugal blasting wheel with reference to the surface being abrasive blast cleaned.
50
Blister
A dome-shaped projection on the surface of a coating resulting from the local loss of adhesion and lifting of the film from an underlying coat of from the base substrate.
51
Blooming
See Blushing
52
Blowdown
(1) The injection of air or water under high pressure through a tube to the anode area for the purpose of purging the annular space and possibly correcting high resistance caused by gas blockage. [cathodic protection use] (2) The process of discharging a significant portion of the aqueous solution in order to remove accumulated salts deposits, and other impurities. [boiler or cooling water tower use]
53
Blushing
Whitening and loss of gloss of a coating, usually organic, caused by moisture. [also known as blooming]
54
Bracelet Anode
A galvanic anode with geometry suitable for direct attachment around the circumference of a pipeline. This may be half-shell bracelet consisting of two semicircular sections or a segmented bracelet consisting of a large number of individual sections.
55
Braze
(1) A bond produced as the result of heating an assembly to the brazing temperature greater than 450 °C [840 °F] and less than the solidus temperature of the base metal using a brazing filler metal distributed and retained between the closely fitted facing surfaces of the joint by capillary action. (2) the Act of creating a braze.
56
Breakdown Potential
The least noble potential at which pitting or crevice corrosion, or both, will initiate and propagate in a specific environment.
57
Brinell Hardness
Hardness value, measured in accordance with ISO 6506-1 or Test Method E10, normally using a 10 mm diameter tungsten carbide ball and a force of 29.42 kN.
58
Brittle Fracture
Fracture that occurs with little or no plastic deformation of the material. [contrast with DUCTILE FRACTURE]
59
Brush-off Blast Cleaned Surface
An abrasive blast cleaned steel surface that is free of all visible contaminants and foreign matter but may have some tightly adherent mill scale, rust, or coating. [See NACE No. 4/SSPC-SP 7 for Detailed specification.]
60
Burnish
Process of smoothing surfaces using frictional content between the material and some other hard pieces of hard material (e.g., hardened steel balls).
61
Calcareous Deposit
See Calcareous Coating
62
Carbon Steel
Allow of carbon and iron containing up to 2 mass percent carbon and up to 1.65 mass percent manganese and residual quantities of other elements, except those intentionally added in specific quantities for deoxidation (usually silicon and/or aluminum)
63
Carburizing
The absorption and diffusion of carbon in iron or an iron-based alloy in contact with a suitable carbonaceous environment at elevated temperature.
64
Case Hardening
Hardening a ferrous alloy so that the outer portion, or case, is made substantially harder than the inner portion, or core. Typical processes are carburizing, cyaniding, carbonitriding, nitriding, induction hardening, and flame hardening.
65
Casein Paint
Water-thinned paint with vehicle derived from milk.
66
Catalyst
A chemical substance, usually present in small amounts relative to reactants, that increases the rate at which a chemical reaction (e.g., curing) would otherwise occur, but is not consumed in the reaction.
67
Cathode
The electrode of an electrochemical cell at which reduction is the principal reaction. (Electrons flow toward the cathode in the external circuit.)
68
Cathodic Corrosion
The conjoint action of cavitation and corrosion.
69
Cavitation Damage
The degradation of a solid body resulting from its exposure to cavitation. (This may include loss of material, surface deformation, or changes in properties or appearance.)
70
Cavitation-erosion
The conjoint action of cavitation and erosion.
71
Cell
See Electrochemical Cell
72
Cementation
The introduction of one or more elements into the surface layer of a metal or alloy by diffusion at high temperature. (Examples of cementation include carburizing [introduction of carbon], nitriding [introduction of nitrogen], and chroming [introduction of chromium].)
73
Cementite
Iron carbide (Fe3C) when referred to as a microstructural constituent of steel.
74
Chalking
The development of loose, removable powder (pigment) at the surface of organic coating, usually caused by weathering.
75
Checking
The development of slight breaks in a coating that do not penetrate to the underlying surface.
76
Chemical Conversion Coating
An adherent, reaction-product layer on a metal surface formed in situ by reaction with a suitable chemical, used for protective, decorative, or functional purposes. (It is often used to provide greater corrosion resistance or prepare the surface prior to the application of an organic coating.)
77
Chevron Pattern
A V-shaped on a fatigue or brittle-fracture surface. The pattern can also be one of straight radial lines on cylindrical specimens.
78
Chipping
(1) Removing coating and surface contaminants from a substrate by mechanical means. (2) A type of coating failure caused by mechanical damage, loss of adhesion, or both.
79
Chloride Stress Corrosion Cracking
Cracking of a metal under the combined action of tensile stress and corrosion in the presence of en electrolyte containing dissolved chlorides.
80
Cleavage Fracture
Fracture that occurs along planes determined by the crystal structure of the material. (It is typically associated with a brittle fracture.)
81
Coat
One layer of a coating system applied to a surface in a single continuous application to form a uniform film when dry.
82
Coating
(1) a liquid, liquefiable, or mastic composition that, after application to a surface, is converted into a solid protective, decorative, or functional adherent film. (2) (in a more general sense) A think layer of solid material on a surface that provides improved protective, decorative, or functional properties.
83
Coating System
The complete number and types of coasts applied to a substrate in a predetermined order. (When used in a broader sense, surface preparation are included.)
84
Cold Cracking
Cracking of a weld during or after cooling to ambient temperature, sometimes after a considerable time delay. (It usually occurs at temperatures less than 205 °C [400 °F].)
85
Cold Lap
A linear discontinuity with rounded edges at exposed surfaces that is caused by solidification of the meniscus of a partially cast metal or alloy (e.g., an anode used for cathodic protection) as a result of interrupted flow of the casting stream or the joining of two casting streams at too low a temperature.
86
Cold Shut
Horizontal surface discontinuity caused by solidification of a portion meniscus during the progressive filling of a mold, which is later covered with more solidifying metal as the molten metal level rises. Cold shuts generally occur at corner remote from the point of pour.
87
Cold Working
Deforming metal plastically under conditions of temperature and strain rate that induce strain hardening, usually, but not necessarily, performed at room temperature [contract with hot working].
88
Commercial Blast Cleaned Surface
An abrasive blast cleaned steel surface that is free of all visible contaminants and foreign matter but may have some random staining on no more than 33 percent of the surface area. [See NACE No. 3/SSPC-SP 6 for detailed specification.]
89
Compressive Strength
The maximum compressive stress a material is capable of withstanding without sustaining permanent deformation.
90
Concentration Cell
An electrochemical cell, the electromotive force of which is caused by a difference in concentration of some component in the electrolyte. (This difference leads to the formation of discrete cathodic and anodic regions.)
91
Concentration Polarization
That portion of polarization of an electrochemical cell produced by concentration changes resulting from current flowing through the electrolyte.
92
Conductive Coating
(1) A coating that conducts electricity. (2) an electrically conductive, mastic-like material used as an impressed current anode on reinforced concrete surfaces.
93
Conductive Concrete
A highly conductive cement-based moisture containing coarse and fine coke and other materialized as an impressed current anode on reinforced concrete surfaces.
94
Conductivity
(1) a measure of the ability of a material to conduct an electric charge. (2) the current transferred across a material (e.g., coating) per unit area per unit potential gradient. (Conductivity is the reciprocal of resistivity.)
95
Contact Corrosion
See Galvanic Corrosion
96
Continuity Bond
A connection, usually metallic, that provides electrical continuity between structures that can conduct electricity.
97
Continuous Anode
A single anode with no electrical discontinuities.
98
Conversion Coating
See Chemical Conversion Coating
99
Copper Sulfate Test
(1) A test method in which a solution of copper sulfate, and possibly other ingredients, in water is swabbed onto the surface of certain metals to determine the presence of metals more active (anodic) than copper. (2) a spot test method in which a 5 to 1- perfect solution of copper sulfate in water is swabbed onto a steel surface to determine whether mill scale is present. (The appearance of copper indicates that mill scale is not present.)
100
Corrosion
The deterioration of a material, usually a metal, that results from a chemical or electrochemical reaction with its environment.
101
Corrosion-Inhibitive Pigment
A Pigment that, when formulated into a liquid a coating material, has the property of reducing corrosion of the metal substrate to which the coating is applied.
102
Corrosion Fatigue
The process wherein a metal fractures prematurely under conditions of simultaneous corrosion and repeated cyclic loading at lower stress levels or fewer cycles than would be required to cause fatigue of that metal in the absence of the corrosive environment.
103
Corrosion Fatigue Strength
The maximum repeated stress that can be endured by a metal without fracture under definite conditions of corrosion and cyclic loading for a specific number of stress cycles and a specified period of time.
104
Corrosion Inhibitor
A chemical substance or combination of substances that, when present in the proper concentration and forms in the environment, reduces the corrosion rate.
105
Corrosion Potential
(represented by the symbol E-corr) The potential of a corroding surface in an electrolyte measured under open-circuit conditions relative to a reference electrode. [also known as ELECTROCHEMICAL CORROSION POTENTIAL, FREE CORROSION POTENTIAL, OPEN-CIRCUIT POTENTIAL]
106
Corrosion Rate
The time rate of change of corrosion. (It is typically expressed as mass loss per unit area per unit time, penetration per unit time, etc.)
107
Corrosion Resistance
Ability of a material, usually a metal, to withstand corrosion in a given environment.
108
Corrosiveness
The tendency of an environment to cause corrosion.
109
Counter Electrode
The electrode in an electrochemical cell that I used to transfer current to or from a working electrode.
110
Counterpoise
A conductor or system of conductors arranged beneath a power line, located on, above, or most frequently, below the surface of the earth and connected to the footings of the towers or poles supporting the power line.
111
Couple
See Galvanic Couple
112
Coupon
A portion of a material or sample, usually flat, but occasionally curved or cylindrical, from which one or more specimens can be taken for testing.
113
Crack
(1) A partial split or break. (2) A split or break in a coating that penetrates to the substrate.
114
Cracking
Fracture of a material along a path that produces a linear discontinuity (without complete separation).
115
Crater
(1) A metal surface anomaly consisting of a bowl-shaped cavity with the minimum dimension at the opening greater than the depth. [contrast with PIT] (2) a small, rounded dish or bowl-like depression in a wet-applied coating. [contract with FISH EYE]
116
Crazing
A network of checks or cracks appearing on the surface of a coating.
117
Creep
Time-dependent strain occurring under stress.
118
Creep Strength
That stress which, when applied to a material at a specific temperature, will cause a specified amount of elongation in a specified time.
119
Crevice Corrosion
Localized corrosion of a metal or alloy surface at, or immediately adjacent to, an area that is shielded from full exposure to the environment because of close proximity of the metal or alloy to the surface of another material or an adjacent surface of the same metal or alloy.
120
Critical Anodic Current Density
The maximum anodic current density observed int he active region for a metal or alloy electrode that exhibits active-passive behavior in an environment.
121
Critical Humidity
The relative humidity above which the atmospheric corrosion rate of a specific metal or alloy increases sharply.
122
Critical Pitting Potential
(represented by the symbol Ep or App) The least noble potential at which pitting corrosion will initiate and propagate in a specific environment. [See breakdown potential.]
123
Curing
Chemical process of developing the intended properties of a coating or other material (e.g., resin) over a period of time.
124
Curing Agent
A chemical substance used for curing a coating or other material (*e.g., resin) [also referred to as HARDENER]
125
Curing Time
The minimum period between application and the time at which the applied material attains its intended physical properties.
126
Current
(1) a flow of electric charge. (2) the amount of electric charge flowing past a specified circuit point per unit time, measured in the direction of net transport of positive charges. (In a metallic conductor, this is the opposite direction of the electron flow.)
127
Current Density
The electric current flowing to or from a unit area of an electrode surface.
128
Current Efficiency
The ration of the electrochemical equivalent current density for a specific reaction to the total applied current density.
129
DC Decoupling Device
A device used in electrical circuits that allows the flow of alternating current in both directions and stops or substantially reduces the flow of direct current.
130
Deactivation
The process of prior removal of the active corrosive constituents, usually oxygen, from a corrosive liquid by controlled corrosion of expendable metal or by other chemical means, thereby making the liquid less corrosive.
131
Dealloying
A corrosion process whereby one constituent of an alloy is preferentially removed, leaving an altered residual structure. [also known as PARTING, SELECTIVE DISSOLUTION, or SELECTIVE LEACHING].
132
Decomposition Potential
The potential of an electrode surface at which the electrolyte, or a component thereof, decomposes by electrons.
133
Decomposition Voltage
See Decomposition Potential
134
Deep Groundbed
One or more anodes installed vertically at a nominal depth of 15 m (50 ft) or more below the earth's surface in a drilled hole for the purpose of supplying cathodic protection current.
135
Delamination
(1) Separation of layers in a material. (2) A separation between one or more coats from another coat within a coating system. [contrast with DISBONDMENT] (3) A separation of the concrete (usually in layers) from the reinforcing steel at their interface, usually as a result of corrosion.
136
Delayed Cracking
(1) Cracking in a metal occurring after plating or pickling, sometimes after a considerable time delay. (2) not a preferred term for COLD CRACKING.
137
Depolarization
(not a preferred term) The removal of factors resisting the current flow in an electrochemical cell. [See POLARIZATION.]
138
Deposit Corrosion
Localized corrosion under or around a deposit or collection of material on a metal surface. [also called POULTICE CORROSION] See also CREVICE CORROSION.]
139
Dezincificaiton
Dealloying that results in the selective removal of zinc from copper-zinc alloys.
140
Dielectric Coating
A coating that does not conduct electricity.
141
Dielectric Shield
An electrically nonconductive material, such as a coating, sheet or pipe, that is placed between an node and an adjacent cathode, usually on the cathode, to improve current distribution in a cathodic protection system.
142
Differential Areation Cell
A concentration cell caused by differences in oxygen concentration along the surface of a metal in an electrolyte. [See CONCENTRATION CELL]
143
Diffusion-Limited Current Density
The current density that corresponds to the maximum transfer rate that a particular species can sustain because of the limitation of diffusion [often referred to as LIMITING CURRENT DENSITY].
144
Disbondment
The loss of adhesion between a coating and the substrate.
145
Discontinutiy
(1) an interruption in the normal physical structure or configuration of a coating such as cracks, laps, seams, inclusion, porosity, or holidays. (A discontinuity does not necessarily affect the usefulness of the coating.) (2) A condition in which the electrical path through a structure is interrupted by a drive that acts as a dielectric or insulating fitting.
146
Dissimilar Metals
Different metals that could form an anode cathode relationship in an electrolyte when connected by an electron-conducting (usually metallic =) path.
147
Double Layer
The interface between an electrode or a suspended particle and an electrolyte created by charge-charge integration leading to an alignment of oppositely charged ions at the surface of the electrode or particle. The simplest model is represented bu a parallel plate condenser.
148
Doubler Plate
An additional plate or thickness of metal used to provide extra strength or thickness to a structure locally (e.g., at the point of anode attachment to an offshore structure).
149
Drainage
Conduction of electric current from am underground or submerged metallic structure by means of a metallic conductor.
150
Driving Potential
Difference in potential between the anode and the steel structure.
151
Dry Film Thickness
The thickness of a dried mild, coating, or membrane.
152
Dry Spray
A rough, powdery non coherent film produced when atomized coating particles partially dry before reaching the surface.
153
Dry to Handle
Stage of drying or curing of an applied coating at which time the coated object can be carefully handled without damage.
154
Dry to Recoat
Stage of drying or curing of an applied coating at which time a subsequent coat can be applied satisfactorily.
155
Dry to Touch
Stage of drying or curing of an applied coating at which time it no longer adheres to a finger that is lightly touched or rubbed across the surface and does not show a fingerprint at the point of contact.
156
Drying
The process in which a liquid film is converted to a solid film bu evaporation of volatile components.
157
Drying Oil
An oil capable of conversion from a liquid to a solid by slow reaction with oxygen in the air.
158
Drying Time
Minimum time required for an applied coating to reach the desires stage of drying or curing.
159
Ductile Fracture
Fracture that occurs with appreciable plastic deformation of the material to withstand plastic deformation prior to fracture. (It is usually measured by the permanent elongation or reduction in the cross-sectional are of a fractured tensile test specimen.)
160
Ductility
The ability of material to withstand plastic deformation prior to fracture. (It is usually measured by the permanent elongation or reduction in the cross sectional area of a fractured tensile test specimen.)
161
Duplex Stainless Steel
Stainless Steel whose microstructure at room temperature consists primarily of a mixture of austenite and ferrite. [also called AUSTENITIC/FERRITIC STAINLESS STEEL].
162
Elastic Deformation
Changes of dimensions of a material upon the application of a stress within the elastic range. Following the release of an elastic stress, the material returns to its original dimensions without any permanent deformation.
163
Elasticity
The property of a material that allows it to recover its original dimensions following deformation by a stress below its elastic limit.
164
Elastic Limit
The maximum stress to which a material may be subjected without retention of any permanent deformation after the stress is removed.
165
Electrical Interference
Any electrical disturbance on a metallic structure in contract with an electrolyte caused by stray currents(s)
166
Electrical Isolation
The condition of being electrically separated from other metallic structures or the environment.
167
Electrochemical Admittance
The reciprocal of the electrochemical impedance, 🔺I/🔺E.
168
Electrochemical Cell
(1) An electrochemical reaction involving two half reactions, one of which involves oxidation of the reactant (product) and the other of which involves reduction of the product (reactant). (The equilibrium potential of the electrochemical cell can be calculated from the change in free energy for the overall electrochemical reaction. The equilibrium potential of the electrochemical cell can be measured bu separating the oxidation and reduction half reactions into individual compartments and measuring the voltage that develops between them under conditions that virtually no charge passes between them.) [thermodynamic use] (2) An electrochemical system consisting of anode and cathode in metallic contact immersed in an electrolyte. (The anode and cathode may be different metals or dissimilar areas on the same metal surface.) [common use]
169
Electrochemical Corrosion Potential
See Corrosion Potential
170
Electrochemical Equivalent
The mass of element or group of elements oxidized or reduced at 100 percent efficiency by the passage of a unit quantity of charge such as a Faraday (96,485 coulombs), ampere-hour, or coulomb.
171
Electrochemical Impedance
The frequency dependent, complex valued proportionality factor, 🔺I/🔺E, between the applied potential (or current) and the response current (or potential) in an electrochemical cell. This factor becomes the impedance when the perturbation and response are related linearly (the factor value is independent of the perturbation magnitude) and the response is caused only by the perturbation. The value may be related to the corrosion rate when the measurement is made at the corrosion potential.
172
Electrochemical Noise
Flactuations of potential or current, or both, originating fro uncontrolled variations in a corrosion process.
173
Electrochemical Potential
The partial derivate of the total electrochemical free energy of the stem with respect to the number of moles of the constituent in a solution when all other factors are constant. (Analogous to the chemical potential of the constituent except that it includes the electrical as well as the chemical contributions to the free energy.)
174
Electrode
A material that conducts electrons, us used to establish contact with an electrolyte, and through which current is transferred to or from an electrolyte.
175
Electrode Potential
The potential of an electrode is an electrolyte as measured against a reference electrode.
176
Electrokinetic Potential
A potential difference in a solution caused by residual, unbalanced charge distribution in the adjoining solution, producing a double layer. (The electrokinetic potential is different from the electrode potential in that it occurs exclusively in the solution phase. The potential represents the reversible work necessary to bring a unit charge from infinity in the solution up to the interface in question but not through the interface.) [also known as ZETA POTENTIAL]
177
Electrolysis
Production of chemical changes of the electrolyte by the current flowing through an electrochemical cell.
178
Electrolytic Cleaning
A process for removing soil, scale, or corrosion products from a metal surface by subjecting the metal as electrode to an electric current in an electrolytic bath.
179
Electromotive Force Series
A list of elements arranged according to their standard electrode potentials, the sign being positive for elements whose potentials are more noble than hydrogen such as gold and negative for those more active than hydrogen such as zinc. [not to be confused with GALVANIC SERIES]
180
Electro-osmosis
The migration of water through a semipermeable membrane as a result of a potential difference caused by the flow of electric charge through the membrane.
181
Ellipsometry
An optical technique wherein place-polarized light is focused on a surface and the reflected beam is analyzed to determine the phase shift of the components of the light to provide information on the properties of films that may be present on the surface.
182
Embrittlement
Reduction of ductility, or toughness, or both, of a material (usually a metal or alloy.)
183
EMF Series
See Electromotive Force Series
184
Enamel
(1) A paint that dries to a hard, glossy, surface (2) A coating that is characterized by an ability to form a smooth, durable film.
185
End Effect
The more rapid loss of anode material at the end of an anode, compared with other surfaces of the anode, resulting from higher current density.
186
Endurance Limit
The maximum stress that a material can withstand for an infinitely large number of fatigue cycles.
187
Environment
The surroundings or conditions (physical, chemical, mechanical) in which material exists.
188
Environmental Cracking
Cracking of a material wherein an interaction with its environment is a causative factor in conjunction with tensile stress, often resulting in brittle fracture of an otherwise ductile material. [also known as ENVIRONMENTALLY ASSISTED CRACKING]
189
Environmental Cracking Discussion 1
Environmental cracking is a general term that includes the terms listen below. The definitions of these terms are listed elsewhere in this document: CAUSTIC CRACKING, CHLORIDE STRESS CORROSION CRACKING, CORROSION FATIGUE, HYDROGEN EMBRITTLEMENT, HYDROGEN-INDUCED CRACKING (STEPWISE CRACKING), HYDROGEN STRESS CRACKING, LIQUID METAL CRACKING, STRESS CORROSION CRACKING, SULFIDE STRESS CRACKING.
190
Environmental Cracking Discussion 2
The following terms have been used in the past in connection with environmental cracking but are now obsolete and should not be used: CAUSTIC EMBRITTLEMENT, delayed cracking, liquid metal embrittlement, SEASON CRACKING, static fatigue, sulfide corrosion cracking, sulfide stress corrosion cracking.
191
Environmentally Assisted Cracking
See Environmental Cracking
192
Epoxy
Type of resin formed by the reaction of aliphatic or aromatic polls (such as bisphenol) with epichlorohydrin and characterized by presence of reactive oxidant end groups.
193
Equilibrium Potential
The potential of an electrode in an electrolyte at which the forward rate of a given reaction is exactly equal to the reverse rate. (The equilibrium potential can only be defined with respect to a specific electrochemical reaction.) [also known as REVERSIBLE POTENTIAL]
194
Erosion
The progressive loss of material from a solid surface resulting from mechanical interaction between that surface and a fluid, a multicomponent fluid, or solid particles carried with the fluid.
195
Erosion-Corrosion
A conjoint action involving erosion and corrosion in the presence of a moving corrosive fluid or a material moving through the fluid, leading to accelerated loss of material.
196
Exchange Current Density
The rate of charge transfer per unit area when an electrode reaches dynamic equilibrium (at its reversible potential) in a solution; that is, the rate of anodic charge transfer (oxidation) is exactly equal to the rate of cathodic charge transfer (reduction).
197
Exfoliation Corrosion
Subsurface corrosion that proceeds laterally from the sites of initiation along planes parallel to the surface forming corrosion products that force metal away from the body of the material, giving rise to a layered appearance resembling the pages of a book.
198
External Circuit
The wires, connectors, measuring devices, current sources, etc., that are used to bring about or measure the desired electrical conditions within an electrochemical cell. It is this portion of the cell through which electrons travel.
199
Fatigue
The process of progressive localized permanent structural change occurring in a material subjected to fluctuating stresses less than the ultimate tensile strength of the material that may culminate in cracks or complete fracture after a sufficient number of fluctuations.
200
Fatigue Strength
The maximum stress that can be sustained for a specified number of cycles without fracture.
201
Fault Current
A current that flows from one conductor to ground or to another conductor as a result of an abnormal connection (including an arc) between the two. A fault current flowing to ground may be called a ground fault current.
202
Feather Edging
See Feathering
203
Feathering
Reducing the thickness of the edges of an undamaged coating film, such as adjacent to a damaged coating or rusted area, by abrasion or sanding to produce a smoothly tapered transitional area prior to recoating.
204
Ferrite
The body-centered cubic crystalline phase of iron or iron-based alloys.
205
Ferritic Stainless Steel
Stainless steel whose microstructure at room temperature consists predominantly of ferrite.
206
Ferritic Steel
A steel whose microstructure at room temperature consists predominantly of ferrite.
207
Fiberglass-reinforced Plastic
A resin-rich coating or lining into which layers of fiberglass reinforcement have been incorporated to produce mechanical and physical properties superior ro the base resin itself.
208
Filform Corrosion
Corrosion that occurs under some coatings in the form of randomly distributed threadlike filaments.
209
Film
A thin, not necessarily visible layer of material.
210
Finish Coat
See Topcoat
211
Fish Eye
A small dimple or crater with a visible defect or contaminant in the central area resembling a fish eye that forms in a wet-applied coating.
212
Forced Drainage
Drainage applied to underground or submerged metallic structures by means of an applied electromotive force or sacrificial anode.
213
Foreign Structure
Any metallic structure that is not intended as a part of a system under cathodic protection.
214
Fouling
An accumulation of deposits. (This includes accumulation and growth of marine organisms on a submerged surface and the accumulation of deposition heat exchanger tubing.)
215
Fractography
Descriptive treatment of fracture, especially in metals, with specific reference to photographs of the fracture surface.
216
Fracture Mechanics
A quantitative analysis for evaluating structural reliability in terms of applied stress, crack length, and specimen geometry.
217
Free Corrosion Potential
See Corrosion Potential
218
Free Machining
The machining characteristics of an alloy to which an ingredient has been introduced to give small broken chips, lower power consumption, better surface finish, and longer tool life.
219
Fretting Corrosion
Deterioration at the interface between contacting surfaces as the result of corrosion and slight oscillatory slip between the two surfaces.
220
Furan
Type of resin formed by the polymerization or polycondensation of furfuryl, furfuryl alcohol, or other compounds containing a furan ring.
221
Galvanic Anode
A metal that provides sacrificial protection to another metal that is more noble when electrically couples in an electrolyte. This type of anode is the electron source in one type of cathodic protection.
222
Galvanic Corrosion
Accelerated corrosion of a metal because of an electrical contact with a more noble metal or nonmetallic conductor in a corrosive electrolyte.
223
Galvanic Couple
A pair of dissimilar conductors, commonly metals, in electrical contact in an electrolyte.
224
Galvanic Current
The electric current flowing between metals or conductive nonmetals in a galvanic couple.
225
Galvanic Series
A list of metals and alloys arranged according to their corrosion potentials in a given environment.
226
Galvanized Coating
A coating of zinc applied by various processes including hot dipping and electrolytic and mechanical deposition.
227
Galvanizing
(1) Applying a coating of zinc. (2) See GALVANIZED COATING
228
Galvanodynamic
Refers to a technique wherein current, continuously varied at a selected rate, is applied to an electrode in an electrolyte.
229
Galvanostaircase
Refers to a galvanostep technique for polarizing an electrode in a series of constant current steps wherein the time duration and current increments or decrements are equal for each step.
230
Galvanostatic
Refers to a technique wherein an electrode is maintained at a constant current in an electrolyte.
231
Galvanostep
Refers to a technique wherein an electrode is polarized in a series of current increments or decrements.
232
General Corrosion
Corrosion that is distributed more-or-less uniformly over the surface of a material.
233
Grain
An individual crystal in a solid metal or alloy in which the atoms are attained in an orderly pattern.
234
Grain boundary
An interface separating two grains.
235
Grain Dropping
The dislodgement and loss of a grain or grains (crystals) from a metal surface as a result of inter granular corrosion.
236
Graphitic Corrosion
Deterioration of cast iron wherein the metallic constituents are selectively leached or converted to corrosion products, leaving the graphitic particles intact. [should not be used as a term to describe GRAPHITIZATION.
237
Graphitization
The formation of graphite in iron or steel, usually from decomposition of iron carbide at elevated temperatures. [should not be used as a term to describe GRAPHITIC CORROSION]
238
Gray Cast Iron
Cast iron that displays a gray fracture surface as a result of the presence of flake graphite.
239
Grit
Small particles of hard material (e.g., iron, steel, or mineral) irregular shapes that are commonly used as an abrasive in abrasive blast cleaning.
240
Grit Blasting
Abrasive blast cleaning using grit as the abrasive.
241
Grounded
One or more anodes installed below the earth's surface for the purpose of supplying cathodic protection.
242
Half Cell
(1) The single oxidation or reduction half reactions in the complete electrochemical cell. (The potential of a half cell can only be calculated from the thermodynamic properties of its components.) [thermodynamic use] (2) Commonly used in the field to refer to a REFERENCE ELECTRODE, but this is not a preferred use.
243
Half-cell Potential
The potential in a given electrolyte of one electrode of a pair relative to a standard state or a reference state. (Potentials can only be measured and expressed as the difference between the half-cell potentials of a pair of electrodes.)
244
Hand Tool Cleaning
Removal of loose rust, loose mill scale, and loose coating by hand chipping, scarping, sanding, and wire brushing. [see SSPC-SP 2]
245
Hardener
See Curing Agent
246
Hardness
(1) Resistance of a material to plastic deformation, usually by indentation. (2) The concentration of inorganic polyvalent cations (generally calcium and magnesium) in water.
247
Heat-affected Zone
That portion of the base metal that is not melted during brazing, cutting, or welding, but whose microstructure and properties are altered by the heat of these processes.
248
Heat Treatment
Heating and cooling a solid metal or alloy in such a way as to obtain desired properties. Heating for the sole purpose of hot working is not considered heat treatment.
249
High-pressure Water Cleaning
Water cleaning performed at pressures from 34 to 70 MPa (5,000 to 10,000 psig).
250
High-pressure Waterjetting
Waterjetting performed at pressures from 70 to 210 MPa (10,000 to 30,000 psig)
251
High-temperature Hydrogen Attack
A loss of strength and ductility of steel by high-temperature reaction of absorbed hydrogen with carbides in the steel, resulting in decarburization and internal fissuring.
252
Holiday
A discontinuity in a protective coating that exposes unprotected surface to the environment.
253
Holiday Detection
Testing of a coating system for holidays using an instrument that applies a voltage between the external surface of the coating and a conductive substrate.
254
Hot Corrosion
An accelerated corrosion of metal surfaces that results from the combined effect of oxidation and reactions with sulfur compounds and other contaminants, such as chlorides, to form a molten salt on a metal surface that fluxes, destroys, or disrupts the normal protective oxide.
255
Hot-dip Galvanizing
Applying a coating of zinc by immersion in a bath of molten zinc.
256
Hot Working
Deforming metal plastically under conditions of temperature and strain rate that recrystallization takes place simultaneously with the deformation, thus avoiding any strain hardening. [contract with COLD WORKING]
257
Hydrogen Blistering
The formation of subsurface planar cavities, called hydrogen blisters, in a metal resulting from excessive internal hydrogen pressure. Growth of near surface blisters in low-strength metals usually results in surface bulges.
258
Hydrogen Embrittlement
Embrittlement caused by the presence of hydrogen within a metal or alloy.
259
Hydrogen-induced Cracking
Stepwise internal cracks that connect adjacent hydrogen blisters on different planes in the metal, or to the metal surface. [also known as stepwise cracking]
260
Hydrogen Overvoltage
Overvoltage associated with the liberation of hydrogen gas.
261
Hydrogen Stress Cracking
Cracking of a metal or alloy under the combined action or tensile stress and the presence of hydrogen in the metal or alloy.
262
Immunity
A state of resistance to corrosion of a metal in which the metal itself is more thermodynamically stable than its possible corrosion products. (In practical situations, immunity is assumed when the equilibrium concentration of corrosion products is negligible [typically less than 10^-6 mol/L].)
263
Impact Resistance
Ability of material to resist damage from impact.
264
Impingement Corrosion
A form of erosion-corrosion generally associated with the local impingement of a high velocity, flowing fluid against a solid surface.
265
Impressed Current
An electric current supplied by a drive employing a power source that is external to the electrode system. (An example is direct current for cathodic protection.)
266
Impressed Current Anode
An electrode, suitable for use as an anode when connected to a source of impressed current. (It is often composed of a substantially inert material that conducts by oxidation of the electrolyte and, for this reason, is not corroded appreciably.)
267
Impulse Dielectric Test
A method of applying voltage to an insulated wire through the use of electric pulses (usually 170 to 250 pulses per second) to determine the integrity of the wire's insulation.
268
Inclusion
A nonmetallic phase such as an oxide, sulfide, or silicate particle in a metal.
269
Inorganic Zinc-rich Coating
Coating containing a metallic zinc pigment (typically 75 mass percent zinc or more in the dry film) in an inorganic vehicle.
270
Instant-off Potential
The polarized half-cell potential of an electrode taken immediately after the cathodic protection current is stopped, which closely approximates the potential without IR drop (i.e., the polarized potential) when the current was on.
271
Intentiostatic
See Galvanostatic
272
Intercrystalline Corrosion
See Intergranular Corrosion
273
Interdendritic Corrosion
Corrosion of cast metals that progresses preferentially along paths between dendrites.
274
Interference Bond
An intentional metallic connection, between metallic systems in contact with a common electrolyte, designed to control electrical current interchange between the systems.
275
Interference Current
See Stray Current
276
Intergranular Corrosion
Preferential corrosion at or adjacent to the grain boundaries of a metal or alloy.
277
Intergranular Stress Corrosion Cracking
Stress corrosion cracking in which the cracking occurs along grain boundaries.
278
Internal Oxidation
The formation of isolated particles of oxidation products beneath the metal surface.
279
Intumescence
The swelling or bubbling of a coating usually caused by heating (The term is commonly used in aerospace and fire-protection applications.)
280
Ion
An electrically charged atom or group of atoms.
281
IR Drop
The voltage across a resistance when current is applied in accordance with Ohm's law.
282
Iron Rot
Deterioration of wood in contact with iron-based alloys.
283
Isocorrosion Curve
A line drawn linking all points on a graph that have equal corrosion rates.
284
Isocorrosion Diagram
A graph on which the axes represent environmental parameters (e.g., concentration, temperature, pressure, velocity) and on which one or more isocorrosion curves are drawn.
285
Knife-line Attack
Intergranular corrosion of an alloy along a narrow band adjoining or in contact with a weld.
286
Lamellar Corrosion
See Exfoliation Corrosion
287
Langelier Saturation Index
A Number calculated from total dissolved solids, calcium concentration, total alkalinity, pH, and solution temperature that shows the tendency of a water solution to precipitate or dissolve calcium carbonate, wherein an index less than -0.3 indicates that the water tends to be corrosive, while an index greater than +0.3 indicates scale forming potential. [also called Langelier Index or Saturation Index].
288
Latex Paint
A paint containing a stable aqueous dispersion of synthetic resin, produced by emulsion polymerization, as the principal constituent of the binder. (Modifying resins may also be present.)
289
Leveling
(1) the process whereby a wet-applied coating flows out after application to minimize any surface irregularities produced by the process of application. (2) smoothing of a surface by electrochemical or physical means to reduce surface roughness. (3) flattening of sheet or plate.
290
Lifting
Softening and raising or wrinkling or a previous coat by the application of a subsequent coat.
291
Limiting Current Density
See Diffusion-limited Current Density
292
Line Current
The direct current flowing in a pipeline
293
Lining
A coating or layer of sheet material adhered to or in intimate contact with the interior surface of a container used to protect the container against corrosion by its contents and/or to protect the contents of the container from contamination by the container material.
294
Liquid Metal Cracking
Environmental cracking caused by contact with a liquid metal.
295
Local Corrosion Cell
An electrochemical cell created on a metal surface because of a difference in potential between adjacent areas on that surface.
296
Localized Corrosion
Corrosion at discrete sites (e.g., pitting or crevice corrosion).
297
Long-line Current
Current flowing through the earth between an anodic and a cathodic area that returns along an underground metallic structure. (Usually used only where the areas are separated by considerable distance and where the current flow results from concentration-cell action.)
298
Low-alloy Steel
Alloy steel with a total alloying element content of less than approximately 5 mass percent.
299
Low-carbon Steel
Steel having less than 0.30 mass percent carbon and no intentional alloying additions.
300
Low-pressure Water Cleaning
Water cleaning performed at pressures less than 34 MPa (5,000 pig). [also called Power Washing or Pressure Washing]
301
Luggin Capillary
See Luggin-Haber Probe
302
Luggin-Haber Probe
A device used in measuring the potential of an electrode with a significant current density imposed on its surface. (The probe minimizes the IR drop that would otherwise be included in the measurement and without significantly disturbing the current distribution on the electrode.) [also called LUGGIN CAPILLARY or LUGGIN PROBE]
303
Luggin Probe
See Luggin-Haber Probe
304
Macrocell Corrosion
Corrosion of a metal embedded in porous media (e.g., concrete or soil) caused by concentration or galvanic cells that exist on a scale at least at large at the smallest major dimension of the corroding item (e.g., the diameter of a bar or pipe).
305
Malleable Cast Iron
White cast iron that is thermally treated to convert most or all of the cementite to graphite (temper carbon).
306
Martensite
A hard, body-centered cubic phase of iron supersaturated with carbon, usually produced by rapid cooling.
307
Martensitic Steel
Steel in which a microstructure of martensite can be attained by quenching at a cooling rate fast enough to avoid the formation of other microstructures.
308
Mastic
(1) Aromatic resin of the mastic tree, commonly used in lacquers and varnishes. (2) A material of relatively viscous, paste-like consistency that can be poured when heated but often requires mechanical manipulation (e.g., using a trowel) to apply, which dries or cures to form a thigh protective coating. (Mastics usually contain fillers, such as powdered lime or graded mineral aggregate, to produce the desired consistency.)
309
Metal Dusting
Accelerated deterioration of a metal or alloy exposed to a carbonaceous or nitrogenous gas at elevated temperatures that forms a dust-like corrosion product. =
310
Metallizing
The coating of a surface with a thin metal layer by thermal spraying, hot dipping, or caecum deposition.
311
Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion
Corrosion affected by the presence or activity, or both, or microorganisms.
312
Mill Scale
The oxide layer formed during hot fabrication or heat treatment of metals.
313
Mist Coat
A thin tack coat, applied as a mist of spray, used to improve adhesion of a new coat to an existing partially cured coat or to displace air in a porous substrate.
314
Mixed Potential
A potential resulting from two or more electrochemical reactions occurring simultaneously on one metal surface.
315
Modulus of Elasticity
A measure of the stiffness or rigidity of a material. It is actually the ration of stress to strain in the elastic region of a material if determined by a tension or compression test. [also called Young's Modulus or Coefficient of Elasticity]
316
Mud Zone
That portion or a structure that is located below the interface of a water body with its respective sea-, lake-, or riverbed and is covered by mostly solid material.
317
Natural Drainage
Current drainage from an underground or submerged metallic structure to a more negative (more anodic) structure, such as the negative bus of a trolley substation.
318
Near-white Metal Blast Cleaned Surface
An abrasive blast cleaned steel surface that is free of all visible contaminants and foreign matter, but may have some random staining on no more than 5 percent of the surface area. [See NACE No. 2/SSPC-SP 10 for detailed specification.]
319
Negative Return
A point of connection between the cathodic protection relative cable and the protected structure.
320
Nernst Equation
An equation that expresses the potential of an electrochemical reaction in terms of the activities of its products and reactants.
321
Nernst Layer
The diffusion layer at the surface of an electrode in which the concentration of a chemical species is assumed to vary linearly from the value in the bulk solution to the value at the electrode surface.
322
Nitriding
The absorption and diffusion of nitrogen in metallic materials (most commonly ferrous alloy.) Typical processes for intentional nitriding include, but are not limited to, liquid nitriding, gas nitriding, and ion or plasma nitriding.)
323
Noble
The positive (increasingly oxidizing) direction of electrode potential.
324
Noble Metal
A metal with a standard electrode potential more positive than that hydrogen.
325
Noble Potential
A potential more positive than the standard hydrogen potential.
326
Nodular Cast Iron
See Ductile Cast Iron
327
Normalizing
Heating a ferrous alloy to a suitable temperature above the transformation range (austenitizing), holding at temperature for a suitable time, and then cooling in still air to a temperature substantially below the transformation range.
328
Occluded Cell
An electrochemical cell created at a localized site on a metal surface that has been partially obstructed from the bulk environment.
329
Opacity
The degree of obstruction to the transmission of visible light or to which a material obscures a substrate.
330
Open-circuit Potential
See Corrosion Potential
331
Orange Peel
(1) The dimpled appearance of a dried coating resembling the surface of a navel orange. (2) The rough appearance of a metal surface resulting from large grain size deformation.
332
Organic Zinc-rich Coating
Coating containing metallic zinc pigment (typically 75 mass percent zinc or more in the dry film) in an organic vehicle.
333
Overvoltage
The difference in potential of an electrode between its equilibrium and steady-state values when current is applied.
334
Oxidation
(1) Loss of electrons by a constituent of a chemical reaction. (2) Corrosion of a material that is exposed to an oxidizing gas at elevated temperatures.
335
Oxidation-reduction Potential
The potential of a reversible oxidation-reduction reaction in a given electrolyte reported on the standard hydrogen electrode scale. [also called REDOX POTENTIAL]
336
Oxygen Concentration Cell
See Differential Aeration Cell
337
Paint
A pigmented liquid or resin applied to a substrate as a thin layer that is converted to a solid film after application. (it is commonly used for decoration or protection.)
338
Paint System
See Coating System
339
Parting
See Dealloying
340
Parting Limit
The minimum concentration of a more noble component in an alloy above which dealloying does not occur in a specific environment.
341
Passivation
The process in metal corrosion by which metals become passive. [See PASSIVE]
342
Passivation Potential
See Primary Passive Potential
343
Passivator
A corrosion inhibitor that reduces the corrosion rate of a metal by changing reactions at the metal surface to cause the formation of a protective corrosion product, resulting in a positive shift in corrosion potential.
344
Passive
(1) the state of a metal surface characterized by low corrosion rates in a potential region that is strongly oxidizing for the metal. (2) the positive direction of electrode potential.
345
Passivity
The state of being passive.
346
Patina
(1) The corrosion product film, usually green, that forms on the surface of copper and copper alloys exposed to the atmosphere. (2) A corrosion product find on the weathered surface of any metal.
347
Peeling
Detachment or partial detachment of a coating from the substrate or undercoat.
348
pH
The negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion activity written as: pH=-log⬇️10(a⬇️H⬆️+)
Where: (a⬇️H⬆️+) = hydrogen ion activity = the molar concentration of hydrogen ions multiplied by the mean ion-activity coefficient.
349
Phosphating
Treatment of steel or other metals with an aqueous phosphate, phosphoric acid solution, or both to form an adherent phosphate surface layer that can serve as a good base for subsequent coating application. [also known as PHOSPHATIZING]
350
Phosphatizing
See Phosephating
351
Pickling
(1) Treating a metal or alloy in a chemical bath to remove scale and oxides (e.g., rust) from the surface. (2) complete removal of rust and mill scale by acid pickling, duplex pickling, or electrolytic pickling. [See SSPC-SP 8.]
352
Pickling Solution
A chemical bath, usually an acid solution, used for pickling.
353
Pigment
A solid substance, generally in fine powder form, that is insoluble in the vehicle of a formulated coating material. It is used to impart color or other specific physical or chemical properties to the coating.
354
Pinhole
A mint hole through a coat or coats that exposes an underlying coat or the substrate.
355
Pipe-to-electrolyte Potential
See Structure-to-electrolyte Potential
356
Pipe-to-soil Potential
See Structure-to-electrolyte Potential
357
Pit
A surface cavity with depth equal to or greater than the minimum dimension at the opening. [contrast with crater]
358
Pitting
Localized corrosion of a metal surface that is confined to a small area and takes the form of cavities called pits.
359
Pitting Factor
The ratio of the depth of the deepest pit resulting from corrosion divided bu the average penetration as calculated from mass loss.
360
Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number
A number calculated using a weighted formula typically based on the chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), nitrogen (N), and sometimes tungsten (W) content of an alloy, developed to rank the pitting and crevice corrosion resistance of stainless steels and some nickel-based alloys. (Larger numbers indicate increased resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion in seawater and other halide-containing aqueous environments.) (For example, NACE MR0175/ISO 15156 uses PREN = Cr + 3.3 {Mo + o.5W} + 16N, where each element symbol represents the mass percent of that element in the alloy.
361
Plastic Deformation
Permanent deformation caused bu stressing beyond the elastic limit.
362
Plasticity
The ability of material to deform permanently (novelistically) without fracturing.
363
Polarization
The change from the corrosion potential as a result of current flow across the electrode/electrolyte interface.
364
Polarization Admittance
The reciprocal of polarization resistance.
365
Polarization Cell
A DC decoupling device consisting of two or more pairs of inert metallic plates immersed in an aqueous electrolyte. The electrical characteristics of the polarization cell are high resistance to DC potentials and low AC impedance.
366
Polarization Curve
A plot of current density versus electrode potential for a specific electrode/electrolyte combination.
367
Polarization Decay
The change in electrode potential with time resulting from the interruption of applied current.
368
Polarization Resistance
The slope (dE/di) at the corrosion potential of a potential (E) - current density (i) curve. (It is inversely proportional to the corrosion current density when the polarization resistance technique is applicable.)
369
Polarized Potential
(1) (general use) the potential across the electrode/electrolyte interface that is the sum of the corrosion potential and the applied polarization. (2) (cathodic protection use) The potential across the structure/electrolyte interface that is the sum of the corrosion potential and the cathodic polarization.
370
Polyester
Type of resin formed by the condensation of polyphasic and mono basic acids with polyhedric alcohols.
371
Polyurethane
A polymer formed by reaction of an isocyanate with a poll (hydroxyl-containing material). (When used as a coating binder, it generally produces a tough, durable, glossy protective coating with good chemical ultraviolet light resistance.)
372
Postweld Heat Treatment
Heating and cooling a weldment in such a way as to obtain desired properties.
373
Potential-pH Diagram
A graphical method of representing the regions of thermodynamic stability of species for metal/electrolyte systems. [also known as POURBAIX DIAGRAM]
374
Potentiodynamic
Refers to a technique wherein the potential of an electrode with respect to a reference electrode is varied at a selected rate by application of a current through the electrolyte.
375
Potentiokinetic
See Potentiodynamic
376
Potentiostaircase
Refers to potentiostep technique for polarizing an electrode in a series of constant potential steps where in the time duration and potential increments or decrements are equal for each step.
377
Potentiostat
an instrument for automatically maintaining an electrode in an electrolyte at a constant potential or controlled potentials with respect to a suitable reference electrode.
378
Potentiostatic
Refers to a technique for maintaining a constant electrode potential.
379
Potentiostep
Refers to a technique wherein an electrode is polarized in a series of potential increments or decrements.
380
Pot Life
The maximum elapsed time during which a coating can be effectively applied after all components of the coating have been thoroughly mixed.
381
Poultice Corrosion
See Deposit Corrosion
382
Pourbaix Diagram
See Potential-pH Diagram
383
Power Tool Cleaning
Removal of loose rust, loose mill scale and loose coating bu power tool chipping, descaling, sanding, wire brushing, and grinding. [See SSPC-SP 3]
384
Precipitation Hardening
Hardening caused by the precipitation of a constituent from a supersaturated solid solution.
385
Primary Passive Potential
The potential corresponding to the maximum active current density (critical anodic current density) of an electrode that exhibits active-passive corrosion behavior.
386
Prime Coat
See Primer
387
Primer
A coating material intended to be applied as the first coat on an uncoated surface. The coating is specifically formulated to adhere to and protect the surface as well as to produce a suitable surface for subsequent coats. [also referred to a as PRIME COAT]
388
Profilometer
An instrument for measuring and recording the topographical profile of a surface.
389
Protection Potential
The most noble potential at which pitting or crevice corrosion, or both, will not propagate in a specific environment.
390
Protective Coating
A coating applied to a surface to protect the substrate from corrosion.
391
Quenched and Tempered
Quench hardened and then tempered.
392
Redox Potential
See Oxidation-reduction Potential.
393
Reduction
Gain of electrons by a constituent of a chemical reaction.
394
Reference Electrode
An electrode having a stable and reproducible potential, which is used in the measurement of other electrode potentials.
395
Reference Half-cell
See Reference Electrode
396
Reinforcement
(1) glass cloth, chopped fibers, or mat used to provide additional tensile and flexural strength and other properties to a coating or lining. (2) bars or fibers added to concrete to enhance its mechanical properties.
397
Relative Humidity
The ratio, expressed as a percentage, go the amount of water vapor present in a given volume of air at a given temperature.
398
Remote Earth
A location on the earth far enough from the affected structure that the soil potential gradients associated with currents entering the earth from the affected structure are insignificant.
399
Residual Stress
Stress present in a component free from external forces or thermal gradients.
400
Resin
A clear to translucent, solid or semisolid, viscous organic substance, often of relatively high molecular mass, which exhibits a tendency to flow when subjected to stress and usually has a softening or melting range. (Natural resins originate from secreting or melting range. (Natural resins originate from secretions of certain plants and insects. Synthetic resins are physically similar polymerized synthetic materials, either thermoplastic or thermosetting, which are used to form plastics. Resins are commonly used as the binder in various paints, coatings, adhesives, and synthetic plastics.)
401
Resistivity
The electrical resistance between opposite faces of a unit cube of material.
402
Rest Potential
Corrosion potential after time transients have subsided.
403
Reversible Potential
See Equilibrium Potential
404
Rimmed Steel
An incompletely deoxidized steel. [also called RIMMING STEEL]
405
Rimming Steel
See Rimmed Steel
406
Riser
(1) That section of pipeline extending from the ocean floor up to an offshore structure. (2) The vertical tube in a steam upward. (3) A large-diameter pipe or duct in a fluidized catalytic cracking unit into which the hydrocarbon feed is injected to mix with a stream of hot catalyst and steam and through which the resulting reaction mixture flows upward.
407
Rockwell C Hardness
Hardness value, measured in accordance with ISO 6508-1 or Test Methods E18, obtained using a diamond cone indenter and a force of 1.471 N.
408
Rouge
A reddish-brown find powder consisting primarily of iron oxide particles.
409
Run
See Sag.
410
Rust
Corrosion product consisting of various iron oxides and hydrated iron oxides. (This term properly applies only to iron and ferrous alloys.)
411
Rust bloom
Discoloration indicating the beginning of rusting.
412
Sacking
Scrubbing a mixture of a cement mortar over the concrete surface using a cement sack, gunny sack, or sponge rubber float.
413
Sacrificial Anode
See Galvanic Anode
414
Sacrificial Protection
Reduction of corrosion of a metal in an electrolyte by electrically connecting the metal to a galvanic anode (a form of cathodic protection).
415
Sag
Nonuniform downward flow of a wet-applied coating under the force of gravity that results in an uneven coating having a thick lower edge.
416
Sample
Portion of material taken from a larger quantity in a manner intended to be representative of whole, typically used for test purposes.
417
Scaling
(1) the formation at high temperatures of which corrosion-product layers on a metal surface. (2) The deposition of water-insoluble constituents on a metal surface.
418
Scanning Electron Microscope
An electron optical device that scans a beam of electrons across a surface and collects the resulting electrons or photons to form an image whose contract is determined by topography, elemental composition, or other properties.
419
Season Cracking
(an obsolete term) A form of environmental cracking of brass in the atmosphere.
420
Selective Dissolution
See Dealloying
421
Selective Leaching
See Dealloying
422
Sensitization
A metallurgical state caused by certain heating, cooling, or cold working conditions that results in precipitation of constituents (e.g., carbides in a stainless steel) at grain boundaries, thereby causing an alloy to be susceptible to inter granular corrosion or inter granular stress corrosion cracking in a specific environment in which the alloy would normally exhibit corrosion resistance.
423
Sensitizing Heat Treatment
A heat treatment that produces sensitization.
424
Shallow Groundbed
One or more anodes installed wither vertically or horizontally at a nominal depth of less than 15 m (50 ft) for the purpose of supplying cathodic protection current.
425
Shelf Life
The maximum length of time packaged materials (e.g., coating materials) can be stored, at specified conditions, and remain in usable condition.
426
Shielding
(1) Protecting; protective cover against mechanical damage. (2) Preventing or diverting cathodic protection current from its natural path.
427
Shop Coat
One or more coats applied in a shop or plant prior to shipment to the site of erection or fabrication.
428
Shop Blasting
Abrasive blast cleaning using metallic (usually steel) shot as the abrasive.
429
Shot Peening
Inducing compressive stresses in the surface layer of material by bombarding it with a selected medium (usually steel shot) under controlled conditions.
430
Sigma Phase
An extremely brittle Fe-Cr phase that can form at elevated temperatures in Fe-Cr, Fe-Cr-Ni and Ni-Cr-Fe alloys.
431
Slip
A deformation process involving shear motion of a specific set of crystallographic planes.
432
Slow Strain Rate Technique
An experimental technique for evaluating susceptibility to environmental cracking. It involves pulling the specimen to failure in uniaxial tension at a controlled slow strain rate while the specimen is in the test environment and examining the specimen for evidence of environmental cracking.
433
Slushing Compound
Oil or grease coatings used to provide temporary protection against atmospheric corrosion.
434
Solid Solution
Single crystalline phase containing two or more elements.
435
Solution Heat Treatment
Heating a metal to a suitable temperature holding at that temperature long enough for one or more constituents to enter into solid solution, then cooling rapidly enough to retain the constituents in solution.
436
Solvent Cleaning
Removal of oil, grease, dirt, soil, salts, and contaminants using organic solvents or other cleaners such as vapor alkali, emulsion, or steam. [See SSPC-SP 1].
437
Spalling
The spontaneous chipping, fragmentation, or separation of a surface or surface coating.
438
Spark Test
A high-voltage electrical test in which a spark is used to detect a discontinuity in a coating.
439
Specular Gloss
Reflection of light, as from a mirror, as opposed to diffuse reflection in all directions.
440
Splash Zone
The portion of a marine structure that is intermittently wetted by waves, wind-blown water spray. and tidal action. (Surfaces that are wetted only during major storms are not included.)
441
Specimen
Prepared portion of a sample or coupon upon which a test is intended to be performed. [also known as test specimen.]
442
Spreading Rate
The average area covered by a unit volume of coating material at a specified dry film thickness. (Spreading rate is usually specified as square meters per liter or square feet per gallon.)
443
Stainless Steel
Steel containing 10.5 mass percent or more chromium, possibly with other elements added to secure special properties.
444
Standard Electrode Potential
The reversible potential for an electrode process when all products and reactants are at unit activity reported on the standard hydrogen electrode scale.
445
Standard Jetting Water
Water of sufficient purity and quality that does not impose additional contaminants on the surface being cleaned and does not contain sediments or other impurities that are destructive to the proper functioning of water jetting equipment.
446
Steel Shot
Small particles of steel with spherical shape that are commonly used as an abrasive blast cleaning or as a selected medium for shot peening.
447
Step Potential
The potential difference between two points on the earth's surface separated by a distance of one human step, which is defined as one meter, determined in the direction of maximum potential gradient.
448
Stepwise Cracking
See Hydrogen-induced Cracking
449
Stray Current
Current flowing through pats other than the intended circuit.
450
Stay-current Corrosion
Corrosion resulting from stray current.
451
Stress Corrosion Cracking
Cracking of a material produced by the combined action of corrosion and sustained tensile stress (residual or applied). [See environmental cracking.]
452
Stress Relieving (thermal)
Heating a metal to a suitable temperature, holding at that temperature long enough to reduce residual stresses, and then cooling slowly enough to minimize the development of new residual stresses.
453
Structure-to-electrolyte Potential
The potential difference between the surface of a buried or submerged metallic structures, or sections of the same structure, in a common electrolyte.
454
Submerged Zone
The surface area of a marine structure that is always covered with water and extends downward from the splash zone and includes that portion of the structure below the mud line.
455
Subsurface Corrosion
See Internal Oxidation
456
Sulfidation
The reaction of a metal or alloy with a sulfur-containing species to produce a sulfur compound that forms on or beneath the surface of the metal or alloy.
457
Sulfide Stress Cracking
Cracking of a metal under the combined action of tensile stress and corrosion in the presence of water and hydrogen sulfide (a form of hydrogen stress cracking).
458
Surface Potential Gradient
Change in the potential on the surface of the ground with respect to distance.
459
Surface Profile
The irregular peak and valley profile on a bare surface that can result from operations such as abrasive blast cleaning or power tool cleaning. [also called another pattern]
460
Sweet Blast Cleaned Surface
See brush-off Blast Cleaned Surface
461
Tack Coat
A thin wet coat applied to the surface that is allowed to dry just until it is tacky before application of thicker coats without sags or runs.)
462
Tafel Plot
A plot of the relationship between the change in potential (E) and the logarithm of the current density (log i) of an electrode when it is polarized int the anodic or cathodic direction, or both, from its open circuit potential.
463
Tafel Slope
The slope of the non vertical, non horizontal straight-line portion of the E log i curve on a Tafel plot.
464
Tape Adhesion Test
A test in which an adhesive tape is applied to a cured coating, generally after making cuts through the coating to the substrate, and rapidly removed to evaluate the adhesive bond of the coating to the substrate.
465
Tarnish
Surface discoloration of a metal resulting from formation of a film of corrosion product.
466
Tempering
Heat treatment by heating to a temperature below the lower critical temperature for the purpose of decreasing the hardness and increasing the toughness of hardened steel, hardened cast iron, and sometimes normalized steel.
467
Test Specimen
See Specimen
468
Thermal Spraying
A high-temperature process by which finely divided metallic or nonmetallic materials are deposited in a molten or semimolten condition for form a coating on a surface when cooled.
469
Therogalvanic Corrosion
Corrosion resulting from an electrochemical cell caused by a thermal gradient.
470
Thermoplastic
A polymeric material (typically a resin) capable of being (a) repeatedly softened by heat and hardened by cooling or (b) [not a preferred term, but used for coatings] dissolved by solvent and reformed upon solvent evaporation. [contract with THERMOSET]
471
Thermoplastic Coating
A coating with a thermoplastic binder.
472
Thermoset
A polymeric material (typically a resin) that undergoes a chemical cross-linking reaction (by mechanisms involving heat, oxidation, catalysis, light [often ultraviolet], electron beam, or chemical additive) leading to a relatively infusible state.
473
Thermoset Coating
A coating with a thermoset binder.
474
Throwing Power
The relationship between the current density at a point on a surface and its distance from the counter electrode. The greater the ratio of the surface resistivity shown by the electrode reaction to the volume resistivity of the electrolyte, the better is the throwing power of the process.
475
Tidal Zone
That portion of a marine structure that is intermittently wetted by tidal action.
476
Topcoat
The final coat of a coating system. [also referred to as FINSIH COAT]
477
Touch Potential
The potential difference between metallic structure and a point on the earth' s surface separated by a distance equal to the normal maximum horizontal reach of a human (approximately 1.0 m [3.3 ft])
478
Toughness
The ability of a material to absorb energy and deform plastically before fracturing.
479
Transpassive Region
The region of an anodic polarization curve, more positive than the passive potential range, in which there is a significant increase in current density (increased metal oxidation) as the potential becomes more positive.
480
Tubercle
A mound of corrosion product and deposit capping a region of localized metal loss.
481
Tuberculation
The formation of localized corrosion products scattered over the surface in the form of knob-like mounds called tubercles.
482
Ultimate Tensile Strength
The maximum stress that a material can sustain without failing from tensile overload.
483
Ultrahigh-pressure Waterjetting
Waterjetting performed at pressures above 210 MPa (30,000 psig).
484
Underfilm Corrosion
See Filiform Corrosion
485
Uniform Corrosion
Corrosion that proceeds at exactly the same rate over the surface of a material. (This is the assumption when calculating corrosion rate or corrosion loss from mass loss or electrochemical measurements. This term should not be used instead of general corrosion to describe an observed surface distribution of corrosion).
486
Upset
A hot deformation process to cause a thickening of metal by compressive forces.
487
Unrethane
Not a preferred term, but commonly used to refer to POLYURETHANE.
488
Vehicle
The liquid portion of a formulated coating material.
489
Vickers Hardness
Hardness value, measured in accordance with ISO 6507-1 or Test Method E92, obtained using a diamond pyramid indenter and one of a variety of possible applied loads.
490
Void
(1) A holiday, hole, or skip in a coating. (2) A hole in a casting or weld deposit usually resulting form shrinkage during cooling.
491
Wash Primer
A thin, inhibiting, or passivating primer, usually formulated with chromate or phosphate pigment in a synthetic resin (e.g., polyvinyl butyral) binder.
492
Water Cleaning
Use of standard jetting water discharge from a nozzle at pressures of 70 MPa (10,000 psig) or greater to prepare a surface for coating or inspection.
493
Weight Coating
An external coating applied to a pipeline to contract buoyancy.
494
Weld
Join two or more pieces of material by applying heat and/or pressure with or without filler material, to produce a union through localized fusion of the substrates and solidification across the interfaces.
495
Weld Decay
(not a preferred term) inter granular corrosion, usually of stainless steels or certain nickel alloys, that occurs as the result of sensitization in the heat-affected zone during the welding operation.
496
Weldment
(1) An assembly of components joined by welding. (2) [for metals] the weld metal, the heat-affected zone, and the adjacent parent metal.
497
Weld Metal
That portion of a weldment that has been molten during welding.
498
Weld Film Gauge
Device for measuring wet film thickness of a coating.
499
Weld Film Thickness
The thickness of a coating measured immediately after application before and appreciable solvent has evaporated or drying has taken place.
500
Wet Sponge Test
A low-voltage electrical test suitable for detecting holidays in thin-film coatings.
501
White Cast Iron
Cast iron that displays a white fracture surface.
502
White Metal Blast Cleaned Surface
An abrasive blast cleaned steel surface that is free of all visible contaminants, foreign matter, and staining. [See NACE Np. 1/SSPC-SP 5 for detailed specification.]
503
White Rust
The white powdery corrosion product that can form on zinc, zinc-coated, or aluminum-based alloy surfaces. [See RUST.]
504
Working Electrode
The test or specimen electrode in an electrochemical cell.
505
Wrinkling
Formation of a surface appearance in a coating resembling the skin of a dried prune, usually caused by application shortcomings.
506
Wrought
Describes a metal in the solid condition formed to a desired shape by working (e.g., rolling, extruding, forgoing), usually at an elevated temperature.
507
Yield Point
The stress on a material at which the first significant permanent or plastic deformation occurs without an increase in stress. In some materials, particularly annealed low-carbon steels, there is a well-defined yield point from the straight line defining the modulus of elasticity.
508
Yield Strength
The stress at which a material exhibits a specified deviation from the proportionality of stress to strain. The deviation is expressed in terms of strain by either offset method (usually at strain of 0.2 percent) or the total-extension-under-load method (usually at a strain of 0.5 percent).
509
Zeta Potential
See Electrokinetic Potential
