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Orthopedic Biomechanics > Terminology > Flashcards

Terminology Flashcards

1
Q

Medial

A

Midline

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2
Q

Lateral

A

Away from midline

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3
Q

Dorsal

A

Back

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4
Q

Proximal

A

Toward body

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5
Q

Distal

A

Away from body

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6
Q

Cranial

A

Head

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7
Q

Caudal

A

Toes

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8
Q

Ventral

A

Front

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9
Q

Transverse

A

Plane. Split top and bottom.

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10
Q

Frontal

A

Plane. Split front and back.

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11
Q

Sagittal

A

Plane. Split left and right.

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12
Q

Diaphysis

A

Long shaft of bone.

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13
Q

Epiphysis

A

End of a long bone.

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14
Q

Medullary canal

A

centre of the bone. Where the marrow is.

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15
Q

Periosteum

A

Outer layer of bone.

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16
Q

Endosteum

A

Inner layer of bone.

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17
Q

Metaphysis

A

Growth Plate

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18
Q

Cement Lines

A

outer ring of osteon (where fracture propgation occurs)

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19
Q

Haversian Canal

A

Contain blood vessels.

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20
Q

Lacunae

A

Holes for osteocytes.

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21
Q

Canaliculi

A

Channels between lacunae. Hypothesis that for osteocyte communicate.

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22
Q

Volkmann’s Canal

A

Contans tansverse blood vessels.

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23
Q

Cortical bone

A

Compact bone (outer layer)

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24
Q

Trabecular bone

A

Spongey - found at ends of bone

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25
Q

Osteocytes

A

Communicate with canniculi. Mechanosensitive, detecting microcracks.

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26
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Lay down bone cells

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27
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Remove bone

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28
Q

Wolfs Law

A

Bones adapt to loading

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29
Q

Simple fracture

A

one break

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30
Q

Comminuted fracture

A

more than three breaks

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31
Q

Transverse fracture

A

right angle to bone

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32
Q

Oblique fracture

A

45 deg to bone

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33
Q

Spiral fracture

A

Torsion fracture

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34
Q

Greenstick fracture

A

Young bone - bone bends and doesn’t entirely break.

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35
Q

Elastic behaviour of cartilage

A

Rapid loading so no fluid flow.

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36
Q

Viscoelastic behaviour of cartilage

A

Slower loading so fluid flow.

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37
Q

Constitutive Equation

A

A mathematical expression to determine the experimentally determined stress-strain response.

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38
Q

Integrin

A

Extends through cell membrane and tell nucleus what is happening via pressure.

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39
Q

De-protein Coupled Receptor

A

Extends through membrane to cytoskeleton, senses change in pressure.

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40
Q

SAIC

A

Stretch-Activated Ion Channel. Allows calcium to flow through and changes when pressure changes.

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41
Q

Tissue Grafting

A

Take cartilage from another source and put a plug where it is needed most.

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42
Q

Autologous Chondrocyte Therapy

A

Inject cultured chondrocyte cells - often results in fibrocartilage.

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43
Q

Microfracture

A

Damage subchondral bone to get mesenchymal stem cells that differentiate to chondrocytes.

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44
Q

Plantar flexion

A

point toes

45
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Toes up

46
Q

Radial Deviation

A

Bending to the thumb.

47
Q

Ulnar Deviation

A

Bending to the little finger.

48
Q

Bursae

A

Fibrous sacs filled with synovial fluid. Located between muscles or when tendon passes over bone.

49
Q

Surface Separation

A

lubricant film thickness / composite surface roughness.

50
Q

Anatomical approach to TKA

A

Soft tissue constraints conserved.

51
Q

Functional approach to TKA

A

Condyles and ligaments removed. Mechanics of the knee simplified.

52
Q

Arthroplasty

A

Reconstruction or replacement of a joint.

53
Q

Partial Meniscectomy

A

Remove damage and keep as much healthy tissue as possible.

54
Q

Meniscectomy

A

Remove the entire meniscus.

55
Q

Facet Joint

A

Channel and limit motion to provide stability to the spine.

56
Q

Slipped disc

A

Fragmentation of nucleus pulposus.

57
Q

Prolapse

A

Fissures provide a pathway for nuclear fluid to escape onto perineural tissue.

58
Q

Tendon

A

Connect muscle to bone

59
Q

Ligaments

A

Connect bone to bone

60
Q

Endotendon

A

Connective tissue holding fascicle together

61
Q

Paratendon

A

Vascular connective tissue surrounding tendon

62
Q

Epitenon

A

Under paratenon in high friction location and produce synovial fluid

63
Q

Vascular tendon

A

Surrounded by paratenon and moves in a straight line

64
Q

Avascular tendon

A

Tendons that wrap around a joint and bear compressive forces

65
Q

Hysteresis

A

Energy lost between loading and unloading

66
Q

Fung

A

Quasilinear viscoelastic theory - describe effects of loading on tendon and ligament with time.

67
Q

Tendonosis

A

Damage to structure

68
Q

Tendinitis

A

Inflammation due to acute injury

69
Q

Peritendinitis

A

Inflammation to the tendon sheath

70
Q

Regeneration

A

Normal tissue re-established

71
Q

Repair

A

Structure healed but scar tissue, abnormal composition, inferior mechanical properties.

72
Q

Unique property of muscles

A

Contractility

73
Q

Endomysium

A

Contains capillaries and nerves

74
Q

Perimysium

A

Protect muscle from friction

75
Q

Tintin

A

Maintains structure of sarcomere.

76
Q

Tropomyosin

A

Rod-shaped protein

77
Q

Troponin

A

Globular polypeptide complex

78
Q

Actin

A

Thin filaments

79
Q

Myosin

A

Thick filaments

80
Q

Active Insufficiency

A

Failure to produce force when muscle too short

81
Q

Passive Insufficiency

A

Restricted range of motion when fully stretched

82
Q

A model of muscle contraction

A

Hill Muscle model

83
Q

Agonist Muscle

A

Responsible for movement

84
Q

Antagonist

A

Opposes movement

85
Q

Synergist

A

Assist the agonist in performing movement - neutralise extra motion

86
Q

Concentric Contraction

A

Shortening of muscle

87
Q

Eccentric Contraction

A

Lengthening of muscle decelerates movement

88
Q

Isometric Contraction

A

No change in length of muscle

89
Q

Pennation Angle

A

Angle the muscle fibres attach to tendon

90
Q

PCSA

A

Area perpendicular to muscle fibre direction - used to estimate max force of muscle.

91
Q

Fusiform Muscle

A

Small pennation angle - quick movements, easily fatigued.

92
Q

Unipennate

A

Large pennation angle - slower movements, more powerful.

93
Q

Bipennate

A

Multiple pennation angles - static contractions

94
Q

Multiple pennate

A

Short and long fibres and multiple pennate angles - provide stability

95
Q

Muscle excursion

A

Muscle changes length (relative to itself or joint) as it contracts

96
Q

Surface EMG

A

Large, superficial muscles.

97
Q

Fine-wire EMG

A

Specific motor units. Small and deep muscles.

98
Q

Morphogenesis

A

Begining of shape of a joint

99
Q

Cavitation

A

Separation of joints in rudiments

100
Q

Primary centre

A

The first area to ossify - diaphysis of long bone

101
Q

Intramembrane ossification

A

Direct mineralisation of mesenchymal stem cells

102
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

Cartilage replaced by mineralised tissue

103
Q

Achondroplasia

A

Without cartilage formation

104
Q

Arthrogryposis

A

Curving of joint

105
Q

Plantar Aponeurosis

A

Truss mechanism that creates a rigid structure preventing the collapse of the arch

106
Q

Windlass mechanism

A

Dorsiflexion of the toes tightens the plantar aponeurosis

107
Q

Non-osseous Coalition

A

Bones joined via cartilage

108
Q

Osseous Coalition

A

Single osseous link

109
Q

Osteotomy

A

Modifying load transmission by altering the alignment of the bone

Orthopedic Biomechanics (3 decks)

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