Terminology Flashcards
Gross anatomy
Study of large visible structures.
Anatomical position
Hands at side and palms forward.
Abdominal
Abdomen.
Antebrachial
Forearm.
Antecubital
Front of elbow.
Axillary
Armpit.
Brachial
Arm
Buccal
Cheek
Carpal
Wrist
Cervical
Neck
Coxal
Hip
Crucal
Leg
Deltoid
A muscle located on the outer aspect of the shoulder.
Digital
Fingers
Femoral
Thigh
Frontal
Forehead
Hall us
Great toe(big toe).
Inguinal
Groin
Mammary
Breast
Mental
Chin
Nasal
Nose
Oral
Mouth
Orbital
Eye
Palmar
Palm
Patellar
Kneecap
Pedal
Foot
Pelvic
Pelvis
Peroneal(fibular)
Lateral side of the leg
Pollex
Thumb
Pubic
Pubis
Eternal
Sterling
Tarsal
Ankle
Thoracic
Chest
Umbilical
Navel
Acromial
Shoulder
Calcaneal
Heel of foot
Cephalic
Head
Dorsum
Pertaining to the back
Gluteal
Buttock
Lumbar
Lower back
Manus
Hand
Occipital
Back of the head
Olecranal
Back of the elbow
Otic
Ear
Perineal
Region between the anus and external genitalia.
Plantar
Sole of foot.
Popliteal
Back of knee
Sacral
Posterior region between the hips.
Scapular
Shoulder blade area(shoulder bone).
Sural
Calf
Vertebral
Area of the spinal column
Superior
Toward the head(above the head).
Inferior
Away from the head(below the head).
Anterior(ventral)
Front of the body
Posterior(dorsal)
Back of the body
Medial
Towards the midline.
Midline
Divides the body into left and right.
Lateral
Away from the midline.
Cephalad
Towards the head(head).
Caudal
Towards the tail(tail).
Proximal
Towards the point of attachment.
Distal
Away from the point of attachment.
Superficial(external)
Towards the body surface.
Internal(deep)
Away from the surface of the body.
Section
The process of cutting the body to study internal organization.
Plane
Imaginary lines drawn on an upright body to describe location of structures and direction of movement.
Sagital
Divides the body into left and right.
Median line
Divides the body into equal left and right half’s.
Frontal plane(coronal plane)
Divides the body into anterior and posterior sides.
Transverse plane
Divides the body into superior and inferior parts.
Cross section
A transverse cut through a structure or tissue.
Serosa
The tissue of a serous membrane.
Parietal
Lines the wall of body cavities.
Visceral
A serous membrane that covers the internal organs.
Mediastinum
The mass of tissues and organs separating the pleural cavities.
Tissue
Group of similar cells working together.
Organ
Group of similar tissues working together.
System
Group of organs working together.
Condenser
Is a small one that focuses light through the specimen.
Iris diaphragm lever
Regulates the amount of light passing through the condenser.
Ocular lens
Eyepiece of a microscope.
Objective lens
Enlarges the image of the specimen.
Cytokinesis
Division of the cytoplasm during cell division.
Mitosis
Cell division that results in two identical daughter cells.
Meosis
Cell division of gametes that result in four daughter cells.
Chromatin
Cluster of DNA,RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell.
Chromatids
Two identical chromosomes that split and contain the same genetic material.
Centromere
Region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids attached.
Miotic spindle
Is made of microtubules that control chromosome movement during mitosis.
Aster
A radial array of short microtubules that extends from each centromere in a dividing cell.
Cleavage furrow
The area of the cell membrane that pinches in and eventually separates the dividing cell.
Isotonic
A solution that has the same solute concentration as a cell.
Hypertonic
A solution containing more solutes than a cell.
Hypotonic
Solution with lower solute concentration.
Crenation
Shrinkage of a cell in a hypertonic solution.
Hemolysis
The process of a blood cell rupturing in hypotonic solution.
Filtration
Movement of material through a membrane as a result of hydrostatic pressure.
Active transport
Energy requiring process that moves materials across a cell membrane against a concentration.
Vesicular transport
Transport of large particles and macromolecules across plasma membranes.
Solute pumps
Allows a molecule to enter the cell by way of protein channel.
Endocytosis
The active transport of materials into a cell.
Exocytosis
The active transport of materials out of the cell.
Pinocytosis(fluid phase)
Engulfing of extracellular fluid by cells( cell drinking).
Phagocytosis
Engulfing of large particles(cell eating).
Receptor mediated
Is a receptor ligand interaction that allows specific molecules to be ingested into the cell.
Histology
Is the study of tissues.
Apical
Pertaining to the apex.
Basement membrane
Delicate membrane of protein fibers separating the epithelium and its connective tissue layer.
Basal lamina
A layer of extracellular matrix secreted by the epithelial cells.
Reticular lamina
Deep to basal lamina, network of collagen fibers.
Avascular
No blood vessels.
Goblet cells
Secrete mucus.
Endocrine glands
A ductless gland that secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream.
Exocrine glands
A gland that secretes it’s product into a duct.
Hematopoietic
The terminology that represents blood and blood cells.
Extracellular matrix
Combination of the fibers and ground substance that surrounds the cells.
Ground substance
Fluid or semi fluid portion of the matrix.
Fibers
Collagen, elastic, reticular fibers used for strength, flexibility, and framework.
Mast cell
Are cells that release chemicals such as histamine that promote inflammation.
Tendon
Attaches muscle to bone.
Ligament
Attaches bone to bone.
Aponeurosis
Strong sheet of tissue that acts as a tendon to attach muscles to bone.
Lacunae
Is an empty space around or within a cell that can be filled with fluid.
Striations
Are the striped patterns in skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle.
Intercalated discs
Are gap junctions that allow the flow of ions.
Neuroglia
Are the supporting cells that maintain physical structure.
Neurons
Cells responsible for receiving, interpreting, and sending electrical signals.
Grastrulation
The embryonic developmental stage in which the 3 germ layers are formed.
Primary germ layers
Endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm.
Endoderm
The innermost layer that gives rise to the glands and epithelial tissue.
Mesoderm
The middle germ layer that gives rise to the muscle tissue and connective tissue.
Ectoderm
The outermost germ layer that gives rise to the nervous tissue and epidermis.
Hyperdomis
Looks connective tissue layer of the skin below the dermis.
Keratin
Hard protein material found in the epidermis, hair, and nails.
Melanin
A pigment that gives the skin its color.
Decubitis ulcers
Bedsores caused by problems with dermal circulation.
Albinism
Absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes.
Vitiligo
Loss of pigment in areas of the skin.
Cyanosis
Bluish discoloration of the skin.
Jaundice
Yellowing of the skin and eyes.
Dermal papilla
Fold in tissue that project in the epidermis and contribute to fingerprints.
Addison’s disease
Occurs when the adrenal gland does not produce enough of the hormones cortisol or aldosterone.
Eponychium
Cuticle
Laluna
The pale crescent at the base of the nail.
Papilla
Nipple-shaped elevation.
Sebum
Oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands.
Blackheads
Open comedones.
Acne
Inflamed sebaceous glands.
Perspiration
The process of sweating.
