Terminology

Question 1

Atresia

Answer 1

Absence or abnormal narrowing of a passage in the body; e.g. esophageal atresia when the esophagus has not canalized and does not lead all the way to the stomach

Question 2

Heart Failure Cells

Answer 2

Macrophages that are dark colored because they’ve been eating hemoglobin in lungs, and processed it to hemosiderin (lungs having brownish color = induratio brunea pulmonis). Hemoglobin is there bc of RBC’s trapped with pulmonary congestion, probably from left-sided heart failure

Question 3

Vegetations

Answer 3

Thrombi growing on heart valves

Question 4

Emollition /

Emollition cyst

Answer 4

Emollition = Softening

Emollition cysts: pseudocystic lesions in liquefactive necrosis of brain. Not a real cyst because there is no epithelial covering, just necrotic tissue

Question 5

Flowerbed impression

Answer 5

Depression on the surface of something that has been injured; occurs because healing scar tissue contracts.

Question 6

Tiger Heart

Answer 6

Heart shows yellow/white stripes from fatty degeneration / fat accumulation

Question 7

Fixed coronary

Answer 7

Long-term atherosclerotic occlusion of coronary arteries

Occlusion is >70%

Question 8

Anthracosis

Answer 8

Carbon deposition in the lung’s macrophages, stays in lymph vessels and nodes. Results in black spots on lung.

Question 9

Nutmeg liver

Answer 9

Degeneratio adiposa insularis hepatis / congestive hepatopathy. Brown speckled appearance of liver. Resistance in lung is increased, system backs up and have RV hypertrophy, then backs up even more through IVC and then liver. High pressure in liver decreases oxygenation.

The dark spots represent the dilated and congested hepatic venules and small hepatic veins. The paler areas are unaffected surrounding liver tissue.

Question 10

Why would you use Prussian blue stain?

Answer 10

For hemosiderin deposits, as in the case of heart failure cells

Question 11

Mallory bodies

Answer 11

Ubiquinated cytokeratin intermediate filaments in hepatocytes, seen in alcoholic liver disease. Appear eosinophilic

Question 12

What stain is used for amyloidosis? How does it appear?

Answer 12

Congo stainining leads to red, but apple green birefringence with polarized microscopy

Question 13

Kwashiokor

Answer 13

Fatty degeneration of liver due to high carbohydrate intake with little/no proteins.

Causes fatty degeneration of liver because apoproteins (ApoB100 in particular) are not produced and so TAG cannot be exported

Question 14

von Gierke disease: what enzyme is missing

Answer 14

Glucose 6 Phosphatase Deficiency

Question 15

McArdle disease: what enzyme is missing

Answer 15

muscle phosphorylase missing

Question 16

Pompe disease: what enzyme is missing

Answer 16

Defect of lysosomal acid maltase - missing enzyme in lysosomes that causes glycogen to build up in them

Question 17

Ephilis

Answer 17

freckles. not an increase in melanocytes, just an increase in melanin. not pathological

Question 18

Pseudomelanosis

Answer 18

A dark greenish or blackish postmortem discoloration of the surface of the abdominal viscera, resulting from the action of sulfated hydrogen on the iron of disintegrated hemoglobin.

Question 19

Lithiasis

Answer 19

stone formation (cholelithiasis or urolithiasis)

Question 20

Barrett esophagus

Answer 20

gastroesophageal reflux leads esophagus to contain more columnar cells (normally squamous)

Increases cancer risk

Question 21

Typhlitis

Answer 21

inflammation around cecum

Question 22

Phlegmon

Answer 22

purulent inflammation of connective tissue

Question 23

Psammoma body

Answer 23

spiral calcification - “concentric lamellated calcified structure” - that is suspicious for ovarian or papillary thyroid cancer. it’s a diagnostic feature.

Question 24

Russel body

Answer 24

Plasma cell myeloma with excessive proteins trapped in plasma cell. not same as amyloidosis

Question 25

What stain is used for tuberculosis?

Answer 25

Ziehl-Neelsen: tuberculosis is pinkish rods in otherwise blue lung

Question 26

Anascara

Answer 26

Excess of fluid in the subcutaneous tissue

Question 27

What is the difference between transudate and exudate?

Answer 27

Transudate: low-protein fluid (specific gravity <1.012). Occurs with volume or pressure overload or reduced plasma protein content

Exudate: protein-rich fluid (sp. gravity >1.012). Related to inflammation and increased vascular permeability

Question 28

Pyle thrombosis (pronounced poo-leh)

Answer 28

Thrombosis in the portal circulation. May be due to liver cirrhosis

Question 29

Hemascos

Answer 29

Bleeding in peritoneum

Question 30

Dressler syndrome

Answer 30

pericarditis that’s post-myocardial infarction. autoimmune reaction due to antigens associated with necrosis from the MI

Question 31

Lucidum intervallum

Answer 31

during epidural hematoma, the lucid period after going unconscious and before losing consciousness again

Question 32

Mural Thrombosis

Answer 32

Thrombus originating from heart

Question 33

Apoplexia

Answer 33

Cerebral hemorrhage / stroke from bleeding

most common use of it, but can mean bleeding into other organs too, such as apoplexia uteri

Question 34

Charcott-Bucholdt Aneurysm

Answer 34

Aka microaneurysms. Aneurysms that occur in small blood vessels of the brain, mostly to basal ganglia. Associated with chronic hypertension.

Question 35

Aschoff’s nodule

Answer 35

special granuloma in myocardium seen after rheumatic fever

Question 36

Epitheloid cells

Answer 36

macrophages in granuloma packed tightly to look like epithelium

Question 37

Zahn lines

Answer 37

Alternating red (RBCs) and white (platelets, fibrin) lines in thrombus. More typical of arterial thrombus

Question 38

Scirrhous (an adjective)

Answer 38

scirrhous: describes a hard, slow-growing malignant tumor composed of fibrous tissue

Question 39

Hamartoma

Answer 39

Non-neoplastic, disorganized, tumorlike overgrowth of cell types regularly found within an affected organ

Example: hemangioma - an irregular accumulation of blood vessels

Question 40

Kernicterus

Answer 40

Bilirubin deposition causes yellowness in parenchyma

Question 41

Buerger’s Disease

Answer 41

Necrosis in fingers due to hypersensitivity against materials of cigarette smoke -> proliferation of fibroblasts and thrombus formation inside small peripheral arteries together w/ inflammation of arterial wall (thrombangitis obliterans)

Question 42

Oliguria

Answer 42

Production of small amount of urine

Question 43

Curshman’s spiral

Answer 43

Mucous plugs found in asthmatic sputum

Question 44

Charcot-Leyden crystals

Answer 44

Cystals found in asthmatics, formed from the breakdown of eosinophils. Proteins interacts with eosinophil lysophospholipases

Also may be seen in the stool or sputum of patients with parasitic diseases due to the eosinophil response

Question 45

Xanthoma

Answer 45

Cholesterol deposit on tendon sheath. Seen with high serum cholesterol levels, like in familial hypercholesterolemia

Question 46

Heterotopia / choristoma

Answer 46

Microscopically normal cells or tissues, but they’re present in abnormal locations. E.g. pancreatic tissue found in stomach or small intestines

Question 47

Verruca

Answer 47

in endocarditis caused by rheumatic fever, get “verrucous endocarditis” with immune complexes, coagulated fibrin, and necrotic cell debris

Question 48

Eisenmenger Syndrome

Answer 48

“point of no return” for left-to-right shunts. Have shunt reversal where it now goes right-to-left. Due to chronic pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary circuit endothelium thickens, resistance increases and blood flows backwards through the shunt. Baby then becomes cyanotic.

It’s irreversible, should do surgery before this happens

Question 49

Anitschkow cells

Answer 49

In rheumatic fever, these appear in the “Aschoff Bodies” of the myocardium. They are plump activated macrophages. Have abundant cytoplasm and central nuclei with chromatin condensed to form a wavy ribbon (so they’re also called “caterpillar cells”)