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Pharmacology I > Terminology > Flashcards

Terminology Flashcards

1
Q

pharmacology

A

the study of how drugs behave in the body

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2
Q

chemical name

A

describes the chemical composition (molecular structure) of a drug…used by chemists and pharmacologists

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3
Q

nonproprietary name (generic name)

A

more concise name given to the specific chemical compound (example: aspirin, acetaminophen, amoxicillin)

they are also listed as the active ingredient on drug labels

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4
Q

proprietary name (trade name, brand name)

A

unique name a manufacturer gives its particular brand of drug (example: Tylenol (acetaminophen), Lasix (furosemide), Valium (diazepam tranquilizer))…they are proper nouns

followed by the circled (R) or TM to signify it is a registered trademark

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5
Q

generic equivalent drugs

A

drugs produced or marketed by companies other than the original “brand” developer

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6
Q

bioequivalent

A

generics must be 80-125% __________ of the original brand compound

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7
Q

extract

A

therapeutic agent composed of specially prepared plant or animal parts rather than synthesized chemicals produced in a laboratory (example: thyroid supplements, pancreatic enzyme powder)

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8
Q

dosage form

A

description of a drugs physical appearance and is included in the drugs description in the package insert and the drug label…example: 1 tablet or 1 mL of solution

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9
Q

solid dosage form

A

form of tablets and caplets

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10
Q

tablets

A

created by compressing powdered active ingredients and other inert ingredients called excipients together to form disk-shaped dosage forms

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11
Q

caplets

A

compressing powdered active ingredients and other inert ingredients called excipients together to form an oblong or elongated-shaped dosage similar in shape to a capsule dosage form

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12
Q

excipients

A

may include: binders, disintegrates, diluents (fills the bulk of the tablet not occupied by the active ingredient), flavoring agents, color (red may be 100mg; blue may be 200mg)

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13
Q

enteric coating

A

protects active ingredient from the acidic environment of the stomach by not dissolving until the tablet reaches the more alkaline environment of the small intestine

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14
Q

controlled-release coating

A

slows the rate at which the tablet dissolves as the tablet moves along the intestinal tract resulting in a more gradual and sustained release (SR) of the active ingredient

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15
Q

sustained release drug (SR)

A

designation to distinguish the drug from the normal release dosage form

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16
Q

molded tablets

A

also called chewable tablets that consist of the active ingredient in powdered form and mixed with lactose, sucrose, dextrose and a flavoring agent

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17
Q

gel caps

A

powdered drug surrounded by a capsule made of gelatin, modified starch or cellulose (not popular with veterinary patients as they may stick to the surface of the mouth)

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18
Q

lozenge (troche)

A

a drug incorporated into a hard, candy-like tablet such as a human cough drop (not used in veterinary medicine)

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19
Q

suppositories

A

placed in the rectum where they dissolve releasing the drug and are absorbed across the intestinal wall of the rectum (common if the animal is vomiting or cannot take medications by mouth)

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20
Q

liquid dosage form

A

classified as solutions or suspensions

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21
Q

solution

A

drug is dissolved in a clear liquid medium

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22
Q

suspension

A

drug is not completely dissolved in the liquid…often making it cloudy or opaque…must be shaken before use

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23
Q

medium

A

solvent that can be water, alcohol, or other liquid into which the drug will completely dissolve

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24
Q

aqueous solution

A

water medium solution in which the drug has been dissolved…usually by adding sodium, potassium, or chloride molecule making them a salt…often used as an IV injectable dosage form

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25
Q

soluble

A

able to be dissolved

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26
Q

syrup

A

drugs dissolved in a liquid sugar solution (example: 65% sucrose solutions)…the sugar also acts as a preservative

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27
Q

xylitol

A

artificial sweetener for sugar-free syrup…toxic to dogs as it causes a massive release of insulin resulting in a hypoglycemic state and liver damage…very possibly causing death

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28
Q

tincture

A

alcohol based solution used for oral or topical use

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29
Q

elixir

A

alcohol based solution with sweetening agents added and are associated with oral use

30
Q

emulsion

A

suspension liquid dose form composed of two liquids that do not mix (one liquid suspended in a second liquid medium)

31
Q

lotion

A

an emulsion of oil and water plus additional ingredients that help keep the liquid layers from separating

32
Q

liniment

A

topical liquid dosage form that may be an emulsion, solution, or suspension applied by rubbing it into the skin

33
Q

semi-solid dosage form

A

dosage form that is neither a liquid or a solid and include dosage forms such as ointments, creams, pastes, and gels

34
Q

ointments & creams

A

can be either suspensions or solutions that liquify at body temperature when applied topically to skin, eye, ear, mucous membranes

35
Q

pastes

A

semi-solid, orally administered suspension dosage form that keeps it’s semi-solid form at body temperature

36
Q

gels

A

drugs suspended in a semisolid or jelly-like form (toothpaste, some human cosmetics)

37
Q

injectable dosage form

A

administered by a needle and a syringe and referred to by the type of container by which the drug is administered

38
Q

ampule

A

injectable dosage form in which the drug is contained within a small airtight thin glass bottle which is opened by snapping the narrow neck of the ampule bottle, no preservatives present

39
Q

vials

A

thicker glass bottles with rubber stoppers through which the drug is withdrawn with a sterile needle and syringe

40
Q

multi-dose vials

A

multible doses can be withdrawn over time (anesthetic agent or antibiotic)

41
Q

single dose vial

A

all of the drug is used at one time (vaccines)

42
Q

repository (depot) forms

A

formulated to slow drug absorption from the site of administration over time

43
Q

implants

A

solid object injectable dosage form in which a solid object containing the drug is injected or inserted under the skin and designed to dissolve or release medication over an extended period of time (weeks or months)

44
Q

drug insert (package insert)

A

manufacturers documentation that is inserted into or attached to each bottle, package, or box of medication…contains information for which the manufacturer has done mandated testing for in compliance with the FDA

45
Q

label information

A

information on the drug insert (package insert) and printed on the drug label

46
Q

extra-label

A

using a drug in a manner other than the FDA approved dose, route of administration, disease/condition, or specie.

47
Q

withdrawal time

A

time between last drug dose and when the animal can be slaughtered for meat or other food products such as milk and eggs

48
Q

Rx

A

single symbol in the heading that indicates the product is a legend drug and is only available by prescription or on the order of a licensed veterinarian

49
Q

controlled substances

A

substance that has the potential for physical or psychological addiction and/or abuse…classes I-V

50
Q

active ingredient

A

the part of the drug that produces the intended beneficial effect, is identified by the generic name of the drug

51
Q

inert ingredients

A

include excipients, any preservatives, stabilizers, liquid media, or other additives that make up the dosage form, are also listed in the composition statement

52
Q

indication

A

the approved reason for which the drug can be used and will appear on the drugs label

53
Q

side effect

A

any effect of the drug other than its intended beneficial effect

54
Q

black box warnings (black label warning, boxed warning)

A

strongest warning the FDA can require a drug manufacturer to include in their drug information

55
Q

contraindications

A

circumstances or conditions in which the drug should NOT be used due to a high risk for permanent damage to the patient and the risk outweighs the benefit (severe allergic reaction)

56
Q

apothecary system

A

older system than the metric system where volumes such as minims, fluid ounces (fl oz) is used and mass is sometimes represented as grains (gr)

57
Q

dosage

A

the description of the mass of a drug needed per unit of the animals weight…examples: 10 mg/kg or 2 mb/lb

58
Q

dosage range

A

allows the drug to be tailored to the individual animal based on the animals needs…example: 5-10 mg/kg

59
Q

dosage regimen

A

complete information needed to determine the mass, route, how often and for how long a drug is to be administered to an animal.

60
Q

dose

A

the amount of drug to be given to a specific patient…number of dosage forms or mass of drug that has been calculated for administration one time to a specific patient…examples: 50 mg or 10 gm

61
Q

dose interval

A

time between doses…example: q12h (every 12 hours)

62
Q

drug order

A

request by a veterinarian to dispense or administer a drug within a hospital

63
Q

household measurement system

A

based on common household units of measurement…example: teaspoon (tsp), tablespoon (TBL), cup, pint, gallon, pound.

64
Q

metric system

A

prefixes (larger to smaller) kilo, hecto, deka, base unit, deci centi, milli, micro, nano…mass is in grams, volume is in liters, length is in meters

65
Q

percentage solution

A

most commonly used in liquid dosage forms as the number of grams (not mg) of drug per 100 mL of liquid.

66
Q

pharmacy

A

art and science of preparing and dispensing medications

67
Q

pharmacology

A

the study of his drugs work

68
Q

prescription

A

drug order from a licensed professional to a separate dispensing facility where it is filled by another licensed professional

69
Q

strength of dosage form

A

a

70
Q

volume by volume percentage solution

A

number of milliliters (mL) of drug per 100 mL of total liquid medium

71
Q

weight by weight percentage solution

A

number of grams (gm) of drug per 100 gm of drug and medium (example: mass of powdered drug mixed with powdered filler medium or mass of dour mixed with mass of liquid medium)

72
Q

weight by volume percentage solution

A

number of grams (gm) of drug in a 100 mL volume of medium

Pharmacology I (5 decks)

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