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Professional Education > Terminology > Flashcards

Terminology Flashcards

1
Q

problem-based curriculum

A

hands-on approach where students learn through the experience of problem solving

teacher is a facilitator, supporting, guiding, etc.

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2
Q

concept-based learning

A

strategy requiring learners to compare and contrast groups/ categories that contain concept-relevant features with groups or categories that do not contain concept-relevant features

based on the works of the cognitive psychologist Jerome Bruner

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3
Q

computer-based learning

A

virtually any kind of learning program using computers as a central staple

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4
Q

intentional teaching

A

purposeful, thoughtful and deliberate planning

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5
Q

project-based learning

project teaching

A

emphasizes collaborative learning activities that are long-term, interdisciplinary & student-centered/students must create work to show what is learned

students often must organize their own work & manage their own time

encourages the exploration of problems and challenges that have real-world applications

teacher plays the role of facilitator or coach

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6
Q

experiential learning

experimental learning

A

the process of learning through experience

learning by doing

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7
Q

rote learning

didactic learning

A

memorization technique based on repetition

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8
Q

cooperative learning

A

aims to organize classroom activities into academic and social learning experiences

students must work in groups to complete tasks collectively

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9
Q

modeled reading

A

reading aloud (often above students’ reading levels)

students may or may not have a copy of the text to follow

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10
Q

shared reading

A

teacher reads while the students follow along the text

developed by Don Holdaway in 1979

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11
Q

independent reading

A

students select their own books to read

“independent reading level” is 96-100% accuracy

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12
Q

guided reading

A

teacher interacts with small groups of students as they read books that present a challenge

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13
Q

alliteration

A

repetition of the same or similar sounds (usually consonants)

(e.g. the timid, tiny tadpole)

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14
Q

interactive reading

A

method or reading aloud that involves student interaction like previewing, questioning, discussion, etc.

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15
Q

choral reading

A

reading in unison, as a class

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16
Q

duet reading

paired reading

A

when a skilled reader and a weaker, less-skilled reader reads the same text aloud

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17
Q

echo reading

A

a skilled reader reads a portion of text (sometimes just a sentence) while the less-skilled reader follows along, then imitates

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18
Q

expository writing

A

text that explains an event, concept, or idea using facts and examples

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19
Q

language experience approach

LEA

A

students orally dictate texts to a teacher (or scribe), then the text is read aloud by the teacher as the students read along silently; students are then encouraged to re-read to build fluency.

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20
Q

narrative writing

A

writing about an event in a personal way

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21
Q

Whole Language Approach

A

holistic philosophy of reading instruction emphasizing the use of authentic text, reading for meaning, the integration of all language skills (reading, writing, speaking, and listening), and context.

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22
Q

mnemonics

A

memory devices that help learners recall larger pieces of information, especially in the form of lists like characteristics, steps, stages, parts, phases, etc.

ROY G. BIV

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23
Q

Bloom’s Taxonomy general levels

A 
Evaluation (justification)
Synthesis (creation)
Analysis (examine)
Application (use)
Comprehension (understand)
Knowledge (recollection)
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24
Q

knowledge-centered environment

A

students are engaging in “practicing” the discipline (active learning) as if they were professionals in that discipline

can be teacher-centered (teacher is a resource)

assessment is comprehensive requiring prior knowledge; students explaining in their own words

students use discipline-specific terminology correctly

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25
Q

learner-centered environment

A

students’ interests, attitudes, beliefs are addressed and valued

students have some decision-making power about what they will learn and sometimes how they will be assessed

teacher questions to tap students’ prior knowledge

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26
Q

assessment-centered environment

A

self and peer assessments and feedback occur frequently, helping students move toward goals

(focus is on helping students advance, so wording must be carefully chosen)

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27
Q

community-centered environment

A

students take responsibility for each other (critiques, collaborations)

can involve community work outside the classroom

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28
Q

teacher-centered environment

A

students put all of their focus on the teacher; teacher talks, while the students exclusively listen.

students often work alone, collaboration is discouraged

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29
Q

open-ended assessment

A

problem that has several or many correct answers

encourages students to demonstrate their understanding (or lack) in creative and informative ways

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30
Q

performance assessment

A

requires students to demonstrate that they have mastered specific skills and competencies by performing or producing something

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31
Q

norm-referenced test

A

yields an estimate of the position of the tested individual in a predefined population

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32
Q

criterion-referenced test

content-referenced

A

objective test to see whether or not a student learned the material

most tests written by school teachers are considered criterion-referenced

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33
Q

cognitive assessment

A

assessment of the cognitive capabilities of humans and other animals

IQ test

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34
Q

diagnostic testing

A

initial test at the start of a course to provide information about students’ prior understanding

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35
Q

qualitative assessment

A

collects data that does not lend itself to quantitative methods but rather to interpretive criteria

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36
Q

quantitative assessment

A

collects data that can be analyzed using quantitative methods

i.e. numbers, statistical analysis

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37
Q

screening test

A

used to find students who might be below norm in certain areas

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38
Q

progress monitoring

A

used to assess students’ academic performance and evaluate the effectiveness of instruction

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39
Q

outcome measure

A

evaluation of a plan or project and its comparison with the intended results

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40
Q

reporting child abuse or neglect

A

any suspicion of child abuse or neglect must legally be reported to the proper authorities (usually child protective services)

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41
Q

transfer

A

applying knowledge from something to something else

language transfer: applying knowledge from native language to new language

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42
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy

A

Self-actualization (morality, creativity)
Esteem (confidence)
Love/belonging (friendship, family)
Safety (security of body, health, resources)
Physiological (air, food, water)

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43
Q

metacognition

A

cognition about cognition, or more informally, thinking about thinking

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44
Q

information obtained during an investigation of an educator by the Florida Department of Education is confidential until?

A

hearing officer finding of fact is determined

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45
Q

an informal and ongoing written log that records positive milestones of a child’s progress is called a…

A

anecdotal record

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46
Q

organizing students in pairs with the rules that one student speaks and expresses thoughts while the second must remain neutral, listen carefully, ask probing questions to get more information, paraphrase comments, and then summarize the information is an example of:

A

facilitative listening

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47
Q

children who have an understanding of space and time but are still limited in their abilities for complex abstract thinking are in what stage, according to Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development?

A

concrete operational

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48
Q

Piaget’s stages

A

formal operational (12-adult)
concrete operational (7-12yrs)
preoperational (2-7yrs)
sensorimotor (birth-2yrs)

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49
Q

What alternative assessment scores can be substituted for passing scores for graduating seniors on the FCAT?

A

SAT or ACT scores can be substituted, but only after the Grade 10 FCAT Reading and/or Mathematics assessments have been attempted three times

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50
Q

Six-E Learning Cycle Model

A 
six primary components:
engagement
exploration
explanation
elaboration
evaluation
e-search
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51
Q

standards

A

state-mandated guidelines for learning detailed with grade-level expectation

benchmarks for student learning

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52
Q

instructional objective

A

statement that detail what a student should know and be able to do because of a specific learning experience

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53
Q

short-term objective

A

achievable, developed with student input, and measurable

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54
Q

long-term objective

A

can visualize the level of expected performance as the learning process unfolds over time

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55
Q

Individual Education Program (IEP)

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

A

individualized program used to serve the needs of the students with learning disability

federal special education law for children with specific disabilities

lead by a larger team than a 504 including teachers, school psychologist, and a district representative.

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56
Q

504 Plan

Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973

A

also an individualized program used to serve the needs of the students with learning disability

less specific than an IEP, students with any disability can qualify

smaller scale (only school officials, no district reps), lead by a team of people that know the student like teachers, school counselor and principals.

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57
Q

What are Bloom’s three educational objectives?

A

cognitive (knowledge, comprehension, critical thinking)
affective (attitudes, emotions, feelings)
psychomotor (physical development, behavior, skills)

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58
Q

think, pair, share method

A

students work on a specific, individual task
then pair up to discuss & revise the solution
finally the pair shares results with the class

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59
Q

jigsawing method

A

a group becomes an expert on a given topic, then the group is mixed in with other students until everyone has a better understanding of the specific topic

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60
Q

corners method

A

groups work in different corners of the classroom to discuss a topic then teach it to the rest of the class

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61
Q

What is cooperative learning?

A

an instructional strategy that focuses on team recognition, individual accountability, and equal opportunities for success

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62
Q

T or F: direct instruction is a student-center instructional strategy.

A

False.

teacher-centered strategy (usually lecturing)

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63
Q

Howard Gardner’s multiple intelligences

A 
visual-spatial
bodily-kinesthetic
musical-rhythmic
interpersonal (team-oriented)
intrapersonal (individualistic)
verbal-linguistic
logical – mathematical
naturalist (understand nature)
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64
Q

Piaget’s sensorimotor stage

birth-2yrs

A

infants only aware of what is immediately in front of them

focus on what they see, are doing

later begin to realize that an object exists even if it can no longer be seen (object permanence)

early language development toward end of stage

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65
Q

Piaget’s preoperational stage

2-7yrs

A

begin to understand symbolism

language becomes more mature

develop memory and imagination.

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66
Q

Piaget’s concrete operational stage

7-12 yrs

A

logical, concrete reasoning develops
thinking becomes less egocentric

begin to realize their own thoughts and feelings are unique and may not be shared by others

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67
Q

Piaget’s formal operational stage

12-adult

A

can logically use symbols for abstract concepts (algebra, science)

can formulate hypotheses, and consider possibilities

68
Q

a good example of feedback:

A

“You have done a great job of providing supporting details. Try to vary your word choice on your revision.”

69
Q

A third-grade teacher was surprised that all of her students, even the ones that performed well in the past, were struggling with some math word problems that she selected. She should:

A

verify that the word problems are on the students’ reading level

70
Q

What type of curriculum is a teacher using when students are confronted with a scenario and asked to generate hypotheses and solutions?

A

problem-based

71
Q

An instructional strategy in which students work in small, peer-assisted groups is:

A

cooperative learning

72
Q

When a teacher reads aloud to students, which of the following strategies is the teacher using?

A

modeled reading

73
Q

According to Bloom’s taxonomy, what is the lowest level of question in the cognitive domain that the teacher could use?

A

Knowledge

74
Q

In what stage of Paiget’s cognitive development would a learner be equipped to think logically about abstract ideas?

A

Formal operational stage (adolescence to adulthood)

75
Q

What is the primary difference between deductive and inductive thinking?

A

Deductive thinking starts with one or two general statements and lead to a specific conclusion, while inductive thing requires student to take specific facts and leads to general conclusion.

76
Q

Deductive thinking

A

requires students to take one or more general statements, and then work their way down to a more specific conclusion.

77
Q

Inductive thinking

A

requires students to take specific facts and use them to develop a general conclusion

78
Q

Creative thinking

A

requires student to produce original, creative material, for example to write a short story

79
Q

Cognitive thinking

A

requires academic skills such as remembering, visually processing material, and reasoning

80
Q

Parallel thinking

A

requires students to work together to address a subject rather than to argue against each other

can be inductive or deductive as long as student work toward the same goal

81
Q

Convergent questioning

A

requires a student to “converge on one answer, for example, answering, “What is 4+2”?

lower-level thinking skills

82
Q

Divergent questioning

A

requires critical thinking, since it allows students to generate multiple answers to a defined question, such as “what is freedom?”

higher-level thinking skills

83
Q

Educational theorist Jerome Bruner

A

father of cognitive psychology

theories focus on the idea that the mind is guided by experience and with experience, a coding within the brain, which leads a learner to make prediction about the future

the outcome of cognitive development is thinking

84
Q

Bruner’s theory encourages professional to:

A

equip students with the ability to invent things for themselves beyond the procedures currently know

85
Q

Response to Intervention (RTL)

A

multi-tier prevention system for early identification of students with academic weakness, learning or behavioral disabilities

86
Q

T/ F: Homework does not measure progress.

A

false

does measure progress; it provides a snapshot of how student is mastering the skills and concepts being taught.

87
Q

What is a curriculum-based measurement?

A

assessment directly from the curriculum being taught; generally speaking, derived from local and state standards.

88
Q

Why is it important to monitor pre-requisite skill development?

A

because these skills lead up to the ultimate learning target

so, if a student can’t comprehend a learning target, it might be because of a lack of pre-requisite skills

89
Q

Learning activities should always be based on:

A

specific objectives & determined by state standards

90
Q

The phrase “the early bird gets the worm” is an example of:

A

an idiom

91
Q

A third-grade teacher wants to assess her students’ ability to count money and make change. Which of the following would be an authentic assessment to evaluate their mastery of this skill?

A

Create a class store and have students take turns shopping and running the cash register.

92
Q

To ensure that ALL students are aware of the assignments required for a semester-long chemistry class, the teacher should:

A

create a course outline and distribute a hard copy to each student

93
Q

A student is capable of completing assignments but often lacks the motivation to do so. Which strategy would address the problem directly?

A

creating an academic contract between the student and teacher

94
Q

In order to maintain a focused learning environment, the teacher should:

A

provide tasks in advance for students who finish their work early

95
Q

During a test, a student is asked to repeat a series of letters and numbers backwards and then is given puzzles to solve. What type of assessment is the student taking?

A

cognitive test

96
Q

What is an example of a divergent assignment?

A

essay questions

97
Q

According to Howard Gardner, a student who has good intrapersonal skills would do well with a lesson that required them to

A

self-reflect

98
Q

In a community-centered approach to teaching, a teacher plans classroom activities that require students to:

A

assist others in solving problems

99
Q

A teacher has students use their background information to make predictions about a story. This lesson would most likely be representative of a:

A

learner-centered environment

100
Q

During the introduction of a new mathematics lesson, several students appear uninterested in the lesson. To determine if the behavior is content related, the teacher should

A

ask students concept questions

101
Q

Students are given a demanding task and then asked to respond to that task orally, in writing, or by constructing a product. This type of evaluation is a(an):

A

performance assessment

102
Q

The best way for a teacher to assess multiple concepts in a 30-minute period is by using

A

a multiple-choice test

103
Q

A second-grade math teacher notices that many of her students have chosen 12 as the solution to the practice question “22 – 4 = ?” She recognizes that the students are subtracting the 2 from the 4 in the ones column. What should she do?

A

immediately stop the class, point out the error, and reteach the proper way to regroup

104
Q

When a third-grade class walks into school every morning, the teacher has already written on the board a list of materials the students will need and objectives that will be addressed throughout the day. The teacher does this

A

as a classroom management technique to help students focus on learning objectives

105
Q

If a teacher wants to ensure that students understand the expectations for projects and assignments throughout the semester, he or she should

A

begin the semester with an outline of subjects to be covered and provide rubrics for projects and assignment

106
Q

School Advisory Councils are made up of

A

the principal and a balanced number of elected teachers, students, parents, and diverse community members

107
Q

Which of the following activities requires higher-level thinking skills?

A

Students design their own circuit boards to demonstrate the difference between series and parallel circuits.

108
Q

The Florida Consent Decree

A

ensures that all students with limited English proficiency must be identified and assessed, and details the procedures for the placements, monitoring, and exiting of students from the ESOL program.

109
Q

Educators have a responsibility to protect students from

A

conditions harmful to learning; conditions harmful to the students’ mental health; and conditions harmful to the students’ physical health

110
Q

A high-school algebra teacher wants to prepare her students to do their best on a year-end assessment. To accomplish this, she should

A

present the test in a familiar format.

111
Q

Reflective learning communities

A

are groups of teachers that meet regularly to reflect on instructional methods

112
Q

What is the difference between an accommodation and a modification?

A

accommodations are changes to the way a child learns; modifications are changes to what they learn.

113
Q

Why is it important to read aloud to students?

A

allows the teacher to model fluency
develops oral language
increases students’ vocabulary
helps students develop basic linguistic patterns
allows teachers to model predictive skills

114
Q

What document is used to identify English language learners when they initially enroll in a Florida school?

A

The Home Language Survey

115
Q

A student repeatedly calls out answers without raising his hand. The teacher ignores him and calls on another student to answer the question. What behavior management technique is the teacher using?

A

extinction

116
Q

After giving a summative assessment, it comes to the teacher’s attention that over 80 percent of the class missed the same question. The teacher should

A

evaluate how the relating concept was taught and how the question was phrased

117
Q

Mastery objectives should

A

reflect state standards and be tailored to the ability level of all students

118
Q

Students will generate a higher-quality answer for an essay question if

A

the essay prompt is accompanied by a rubric

119
Q

Which of the following terms describes the practice where teachers record their teaching, then assess its effectiveness?

A

action research

120
Q

Students very often demonstrate academic success in a second language when

A

they have been successful in their native language

121
Q

Which of the following is the most important aspect of a teacher’s professional development goals?

A

They are based on student needs

122
Q

short term objectives should not be…

A

too general to cover multiple standards

not enough time

123
Q

A teacher meets with a student’s parents to discuss off-task behavior in class. What type of student record would be most effective to bring to the meeting?

A

anecdotal records

124
Q

When parents request copies of software to use at home with their children, a teacher should consult

A

site licence guidelines

125
Q

What kind of thinking would the following activity require?
Students are told how horizontal and vertical motions are independent of each other, and then predict how projectiles will travel when launched at various speeds from various heights.

A

deductive thinking

126
Q

A fifth-grade classroom teacher divides her class into three branches and sets up a system where no one branch can make a decision without the oversight of one of the others. What is her objective?

A

Using an authentic scenario to teach her students about the federal government’s system of checks and balances

127
Q

When choosing computer software for the classroom it is important to select products

A

that provide immediate feedback

128
Q

When arranging a student-centered classroom, it is important that

A

student desks are arranged in the center of the room, facing each other for group work

129
Q

A parent gives a teacher an expensive gift. The teacher should

A

return the gift if accepting it will influence the teacher’s professional judgment

130
Q

A classroom teacher waits five seconds after asking a question before calling on a student for the answer. Why does the teacher do this?

A

If the teacher calls on a student too quickly, only the brightest students will have time to formulate an answer

131
Q

What is the primary drawback to assigning digital lessons to students as homework?

A

Some students do not have access to a computer or the internet

132
Q

Dual-language classrooms often use Total Physical Response (TPR) to learn new vocabulary words in primary and secondary languages. TPR is

A

a technique that matches specific physical movements to classroom instruction to increase student motivation and retention

133
Q

When developing a lesson plan and writing objectives it is important

A

to always start with a state standard

134
Q

A classroom teacher has planned to motivate students in her class by having them create a cartoon strip as a final product. This would most appeal to students who are which of the following?

A

spatial/visual

135
Q

After students took a winter benchmark assessment, a classroom teacher reviewed the data on student scores in various reading strands. What intervention strategies should the teacher use to target the at-risk students?

A

Provide small-group tutoring for Students B and C, systematically addressing vocabulary, reading application skills, and the students’ ability to analyze literature and informational texts

136
Q

Constitutional Amendment 1

A

separation of church & state

137
Q

Constitutional Amendment IV

A

home is secure from unreasonable search & seizure

138
Q

Constitutional Amendment X

A

responsibility of education rests at state & local levels since Constitution does not mention it as a federal duty

139
Q

Constitutional Amendment XIV

A

life, liberty, property without due process

140
Q

McKinney-Vento Act

A

homeless children cannot be segregated

141
Q

Plyler v. Doe

1982

A

illegal immigrants cannot be denied school enrollment, violates equal protection clause of XIV amendment

142
Q

Natural Approach

A

limited error correction, use of realia, lowered affective filter

143
Q

Progressivism

A

emphasizes problem solving

students learn by doing & collaboration

144
Q

Socratic Method

A

Idealism
questioning & interacting
uses knowledge & reason
(not hands-on experience)

145
Q

Erikson’s Theory

A 
trust v. mistrust birth - 18 months
autonomy v. doubt 18 mos - 3 yrs
initiative 3-6 yrs old 
industry 6-12 yrs old 
identity v. role confusion 12- 18 yrs
intimacy v. isolation young adult 
generativeity v. self absorption middle adult 
integrity v. despair late adult
146
Q

Behaviorism (Skinner)

A

reinforcement to shape behavior

drill & practice - teaching strategy

147
Q

1990 Lulac etal v. Fla Board of Education

Florida Consent Decree

A

protects the rights for ESOL students

148
Q

register

A

social level @ which language is spoken - context of the situation determines the socially appropriate register for the speech used

149
Q

1943 landmark case W.Va State Board of Ed v. Burnette

A

schools are prohibited from requiring students to participate in flag salutes

150
Q

Extinction

A

withdrawing reinforcers to discourage undesirable behavior

151
Q

raw score

A

total number of correct responses on an assessment

152
Q

Which tests limit the number of students who can score well?

A

Which tests limit the number of students who can score well? Norm-referenced tests, because each students who completes the exam is ranked with the % scores in relation to the sample

153
Q

It is favorable to provide feedback to tests when?

A

after a day or two

154
Q

Praise has been shown to be most effective when?

A

It is authentic and low-key and is used frequently

155
Q

What are some examples of controlled interruptions?

A

missing supplies, late to class

minor disruptions that can be minimized with procedures that are already in place.

156
Q

Non-directive statements show?

A

a student that a teacher is listening, but not making a judgment or pointing the conversation in a specific direction

157
Q

According to Piaget, children under the age of 8?

A

Do not have the ability of understanding the language or to grasp complexities. Teachers should use simple language when working with these children.

158
Q

Marshall Rosenberg categorizes learners as?

A

rigid-inhibited, undisciplined, acceptance-anxious, and creative

159
Q

Long term memory is said to be?

A

unlimited and permanent

160
Q

Spelling errors do not allow for?

A

divergent or creative thinking

161
Q

Sequential language acquisition occurs when?

A

A student learns a second language after mastering the first

162
Q

stanine

A

STAndard NINE
method of scaling test scores on a nine-point standard scale with a mean of five and a standard deviation of two

Result Ranking 4% 7% 12% 17% 20% 17% 12% 7% 4%
Stanine 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

163
Q

School Advisory Council (SAC)

A

team of people representing various segments of the community–parents, teachers, students, administrators, support staff, business/ industry people and other interested community members

assist in development & evaluation of the results of the school improvement plan & assist the principal with the annual school budget

164
Q

cumulative record

A

permanent record; includes progress, attendance, test scores,academic experiences, challenges, accomplishments, Individualized Education Plan (IEP) records, English Language Development (ELD) levels, teacher comments, recent report cards, etc.

165
Q

raw score

A

unaltered measurement (not averaged, curved, etc.)

166
Q

raw data set

A

collection of raw scores, the entire class’ raw scores

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