Terminology Flashcards
problem-based curriculum
hands-on approach where students learn through the experience of problem solving
teacher is a facilitator, supporting, guiding, etc.
concept-based learning
strategy requiring learners to compare and contrast groups/ categories that contain concept-relevant features with groups or categories that do not contain concept-relevant features
based on the works of the cognitive psychologist Jerome Bruner
computer-based learning
virtually any kind of learning program using computers as a central staple
intentional teaching
purposeful, thoughtful and deliberate planning
project-based learning
project teaching
emphasizes collaborative learning activities that are long-term, interdisciplinary & student-centered/students must create work to show what is learned
students often must organize their own work & manage their own time
encourages the exploration of problems and challenges that have real-world applications
teacher plays the role of facilitator or coach
experiential learning
experimental learning
the process of learning through experience
learning by doing
rote learning
didactic learning
memorization technique based on repetition
cooperative learning
aims to organize classroom activities into academic and social learning experiences
students must work in groups to complete tasks collectively
modeled reading
reading aloud (often above students’ reading levels)
students may or may not have a copy of the text to follow
shared reading
teacher reads while the students follow along the text
developed by Don Holdaway in 1979
independent reading
students select their own books to read
“independent reading level” is 96-100% accuracy
guided reading
teacher interacts with small groups of students as they read books that present a challenge
alliteration
repetition of the same or similar sounds (usually consonants)
(e.g. the timid, tiny tadpole)
interactive reading
method or reading aloud that involves student interaction like previewing, questioning, discussion, etc.
choral reading
reading in unison, as a class
duet reading
paired reading
when a skilled reader and a weaker, less-skilled reader reads the same text aloud
echo reading
a skilled reader reads a portion of text (sometimes just a sentence) while the less-skilled reader follows along, then imitates
expository writing
text that explains an event, concept, or idea using facts and examples
language experience approach
LEA
students orally dictate texts to a teacher (or scribe), then the text is read aloud by the teacher as the students read along silently; students are then encouraged to re-read to build fluency.
narrative writing
writing about an event in a personal way
Whole Language Approach
holistic philosophy of reading instruction emphasizing the use of authentic text, reading for meaning, the integration of all language skills (reading, writing, speaking, and listening), and context.
mnemonics
memory devices that help learners recall larger pieces of information, especially in the form of lists like characteristics, steps, stages, parts, phases, etc.
ROY G. BIV
Bloom’s Taxonomy general levels
Evaluation (justification) Synthesis (creation) Analysis (examine) Application (use) Comprehension (understand) Knowledge (recollection)
knowledge-centered environment
students are engaging in “practicing” the discipline (active learning) as if they were professionals in that discipline
can be teacher-centered (teacher is a resource)
assessment is comprehensive requiring prior knowledge; students explaining in their own words
students use discipline-specific terminology correctly
learner-centered environment
students’ interests, attitudes, beliefs are addressed and valued
students have some decision-making power about what they will learn and sometimes how they will be assessed
teacher questions to tap students’ prior knowledge
assessment-centered environment
self and peer assessments and feedback occur frequently, helping students move toward goals
(focus is on helping students advance, so wording must be carefully chosen)
community-centered environment
students take responsibility for each other (critiques, collaborations)
can involve community work outside the classroom
teacher-centered environment
students put all of their focus on the teacher; teacher talks, while the students exclusively listen.
students often work alone, collaboration is discouraged
open-ended assessment
problem that has several or many correct answers
encourages students to demonstrate their understanding (or lack) in creative and informative ways
performance assessment
requires students to demonstrate that they have mastered specific skills and competencies by performing or producing something
norm-referenced test
yields an estimate of the position of the tested individual in a predefined population
criterion-referenced test
content-referenced
objective test to see whether or not a student learned the material
most tests written by school teachers are considered criterion-referenced
cognitive assessment
assessment of the cognitive capabilities of humans and other animals
IQ test
diagnostic testing
initial test at the start of a course to provide information about students’ prior understanding
qualitative assessment
collects data that does not lend itself to quantitative methods but rather to interpretive criteria
quantitative assessment
collects data that can be analyzed using quantitative methods
i.e. numbers, statistical analysis
screening test
used to find students who might be below norm in certain areas
progress monitoring
used to assess students’ academic performance and evaluate the effectiveness of instruction
outcome measure
evaluation of a plan or project and its comparison with the intended results
reporting child abuse or neglect
any suspicion of child abuse or neglect must legally be reported to the proper authorities (usually child protective services)
transfer
applying knowledge from something to something else
language transfer: applying knowledge from native language to new language
Maslow’s hierarchy
Self-actualization (morality, creativity)
Esteem (confidence)
Love/belonging (friendship, family)
Safety (security of body, health, resources)
Physiological (air, food, water)
metacognition
cognition about cognition, or more informally, thinking about thinking
information obtained during an investigation of an educator by the Florida Department of Education is confidential until?
hearing officer finding of fact is determined
an informal and ongoing written log that records positive milestones of a child’s progress is called a…
anecdotal record
organizing students in pairs with the rules that one student speaks and expresses thoughts while the second must remain neutral, listen carefully, ask probing questions to get more information, paraphrase comments, and then summarize the information is an example of:
facilitative listening
children who have an understanding of space and time but are still limited in their abilities for complex abstract thinking are in what stage, according to Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development?
concrete operational
Piaget’s stages
formal operational (12-adult)
concrete operational (7-12yrs)
preoperational (2-7yrs)
sensorimotor (birth-2yrs)
What alternative assessment scores can be substituted for passing scores for graduating seniors on the FCAT?
SAT or ACT scores can be substituted, but only after the Grade 10 FCAT Reading and/or Mathematics assessments have been attempted three times
Six-E Learning Cycle Model
six primary components: engagement exploration explanation elaboration evaluation e-search
standards
state-mandated guidelines for learning detailed with grade-level expectation
benchmarks for student learning
instructional objective
statement that detail what a student should know and be able to do because of a specific learning experience
short-term objective
achievable, developed with student input, and measurable
long-term objective
can visualize the level of expected performance as the learning process unfolds over time
Individual Education Program (IEP)
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
individualized program used to serve the needs of the students with learning disability
federal special education law for children with specific disabilities
lead by a larger team than a 504 including teachers, school psychologist, and a district representative.
504 Plan
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973
also an individualized program used to serve the needs of the students with learning disability
less specific than an IEP, students with any disability can qualify
smaller scale (only school officials, no district reps), lead by a team of people that know the student like teachers, school counselor and principals.
What are Bloom’s three educational objectives?
cognitive (knowledge, comprehension, critical thinking)
affective (attitudes, emotions, feelings)
psychomotor (physical development, behavior, skills)
think, pair, share method
students work on a specific, individual task
then pair up to discuss & revise the solution
finally the pair shares results with the class
jigsawing method
a group becomes an expert on a given topic, then the group is mixed in with other students until everyone has a better understanding of the specific topic
corners method
groups work in different corners of the classroom to discuss a topic then teach it to the rest of the class
What is cooperative learning?
an instructional strategy that focuses on team recognition, individual accountability, and equal opportunities for success
T or F: direct instruction is a student-center instructional strategy.
False.
teacher-centered strategy (usually lecturing)
Howard Gardner’s multiple intelligences
visual-spatial bodily-kinesthetic musical-rhythmic interpersonal (team-oriented) intrapersonal (individualistic) verbal-linguistic logical – mathematical naturalist (understand nature)
Piaget’s sensorimotor stage
birth-2yrs
infants only aware of what is immediately in front of them
focus on what they see, are doing
later begin to realize that an object exists even if it can no longer be seen (object permanence)
early language development toward end of stage
Piaget’s preoperational stage
2-7yrs
begin to understand symbolism
language becomes more mature
develop memory and imagination.
Piaget’s concrete operational stage
7-12 yrs
logical, concrete reasoning develops
thinking becomes less egocentric
begin to realize their own thoughts and feelings are unique and may not be shared by others
Piaget’s formal operational stage
12-adult
can logically use symbols for abstract concepts (algebra, science)
can formulate hypotheses, and consider possibilities
a good example of feedback:
“You have done a great job of providing supporting details. Try to vary your word choice on your revision.”
A third-grade teacher was surprised that all of her students, even the ones that performed well in the past, were struggling with some math word problems that she selected. She should:
verify that the word problems are on the students’ reading level
What type of curriculum is a teacher using when students are confronted with a scenario and asked to generate hypotheses and solutions?
problem-based
An instructional strategy in which students work in small, peer-assisted groups is:
cooperative learning
When a teacher reads aloud to students, which of the following strategies is the teacher using?
modeled reading
According to Bloom’s taxonomy, what is the lowest level of question in the cognitive domain that the teacher could use?
Knowledge
In what stage of Paiget’s cognitive development would a learner be equipped to think logically about abstract ideas?
Formal operational stage (adolescence to adulthood)
What is the primary difference between deductive and inductive thinking?
Deductive thinking starts with one or two general statements and lead to a specific conclusion, while inductive thing requires student to take specific facts and leads to general conclusion.
Deductive thinking
requires students to take one or more general statements, and then work their way down to a more specific conclusion.
Inductive thinking
requires students to take specific facts and use them to develop a general conclusion
Creative thinking
requires student to produce original, creative material, for example to write a short story
Cognitive thinking
requires academic skills such as remembering, visually processing material, and reasoning
Parallel thinking
requires students to work together to address a subject rather than to argue against each other
can be inductive or deductive as long as student work toward the same goal
Convergent questioning
requires a student to “converge on one answer, for example, answering, “What is 4+2”?
lower-level thinking skills
Divergent questioning
requires critical thinking, since it allows students to generate multiple answers to a defined question, such as “what is freedom?”
higher-level thinking skills
Educational theorist Jerome Bruner
father of cognitive psychology
theories focus on the idea that the mind is guided by experience and with experience, a coding within the brain, which leads a learner to make prediction about the future
the outcome of cognitive development is thinking
Bruner’s theory encourages professional to:
equip students with the ability to invent things for themselves beyond the procedures currently know
Response to Intervention (RTL)
multi-tier prevention system for early identification of students with academic weakness, learning or behavioral disabilities
T/ F: Homework does not measure progress.
false
does measure progress; it provides a snapshot of how student is mastering the skills and concepts being taught.
What is a curriculum-based measurement?
assessment directly from the curriculum being taught; generally speaking, derived from local and state standards.
Why is it important to monitor pre-requisite skill development?
because these skills lead up to the ultimate learning target
so, if a student can’t comprehend a learning target, it might be because of a lack of pre-requisite skills
Learning activities should always be based on:
specific objectives & determined by state standards
The phrase “the early bird gets the worm” is an example of:
an idiom
A third-grade teacher wants to assess her students’ ability to count money and make change. Which of the following would be an authentic assessment to evaluate their mastery of this skill?
Create a class store and have students take turns shopping and running the cash register.
To ensure that ALL students are aware of the assignments required for a semester-long chemistry class, the teacher should:
create a course outline and distribute a hard copy to each student
A student is capable of completing assignments but often lacks the motivation to do so. Which strategy would address the problem directly?
creating an academic contract between the student and teacher
In order to maintain a focused learning environment, the teacher should:
provide tasks in advance for students who finish their work early
During a test, a student is asked to repeat a series of letters and numbers backwards and then is given puzzles to solve. What type of assessment is the student taking?
cognitive test
What is an example of a divergent assignment?
essay questions
According to Howard Gardner, a student who has good intrapersonal skills would do well with a lesson that required them to
self-reflect
In a community-centered approach to teaching, a teacher plans classroom activities that require students to:
assist others in solving problems
A teacher has students use their background information to make predictions about a story. This lesson would most likely be representative of a:
learner-centered environment
During the introduction of a new mathematics lesson, several students appear uninterested in the lesson. To determine if the behavior is content related, the teacher should
ask students concept questions
Students are given a demanding task and then asked to respond to that task orally, in writing, or by constructing a product. This type of evaluation is a(an):
performance assessment
The best way for a teacher to assess multiple concepts in a 30-minute period is by using
a multiple-choice test
A second-grade math teacher notices that many of her students have chosen 12 as the solution to the practice question “22 – 4 = ?” She recognizes that the students are subtracting the 2 from the 4 in the ones column. What should she do?
immediately stop the class, point out the error, and reteach the proper way to regroup
When a third-grade class walks into school every morning, the teacher has already written on the board a list of materials the students will need and objectives that will be addressed throughout the day. The teacher does this
as a classroom management technique to help students focus on learning objectives
If a teacher wants to ensure that students understand the expectations for projects and assignments throughout the semester, he or she should
begin the semester with an outline of subjects to be covered and provide rubrics for projects and assignment
School Advisory Councils are made up of
the principal and a balanced number of elected teachers, students, parents, and diverse community members
Which of the following activities requires higher-level thinking skills?
Students design their own circuit boards to demonstrate the difference between series and parallel circuits.
The Florida Consent Decree
ensures that all students with limited English proficiency must be identified and assessed, and details the procedures for the placements, monitoring, and exiting of students from the ESOL program.
Educators have a responsibility to protect students from
conditions harmful to learning; conditions harmful to the students’ mental health; and conditions harmful to the students’ physical health
A high-school algebra teacher wants to prepare her students to do their best on a year-end assessment. To accomplish this, she should
present the test in a familiar format.
Reflective learning communities
are groups of teachers that meet regularly to reflect on instructional methods
What is the difference between an accommodation and a modification?
accommodations are changes to the way a child learns; modifications are changes to what they learn.
Why is it important to read aloud to students?
allows the teacher to model fluency
develops oral language
increases students’ vocabulary
helps students develop basic linguistic patterns
allows teachers to model predictive skills
What document is used to identify English language learners when they initially enroll in a Florida school?
The Home Language Survey
A student repeatedly calls out answers without raising his hand. The teacher ignores him and calls on another student to answer the question. What behavior management technique is the teacher using?
extinction
After giving a summative assessment, it comes to the teacher’s attention that over 80 percent of the class missed the same question. The teacher should
evaluate how the relating concept was taught and how the question was phrased
Mastery objectives should
reflect state standards and be tailored to the ability level of all students
Students will generate a higher-quality answer for an essay question if
the essay prompt is accompanied by a rubric
Which of the following terms describes the practice where teachers record their teaching, then assess its effectiveness?
action research
Students very often demonstrate academic success in a second language when
they have been successful in their native language
Which of the following is the most important aspect of a teacher’s professional development goals?
They are based on student needs
short term objectives should not be…
too general to cover multiple standards
not enough time
A teacher meets with a student’s parents to discuss off-task behavior in class. What type of student record would be most effective to bring to the meeting?
anecdotal records
When parents request copies of software to use at home with their children, a teacher should consult
site licence guidelines
What kind of thinking would the following activity require?
Students are told how horizontal and vertical motions are independent of each other, and then predict how projectiles will travel when launched at various speeds from various heights.
deductive thinking
A fifth-grade classroom teacher divides her class into three branches and sets up a system where no one branch can make a decision without the oversight of one of the others. What is her objective?
Using an authentic scenario to teach her students about the federal government’s system of checks and balances
When choosing computer software for the classroom it is important to select products
that provide immediate feedback
When arranging a student-centered classroom, it is important that
student desks are arranged in the center of the room, facing each other for group work
A parent gives a teacher an expensive gift. The teacher should
return the gift if accepting it will influence the teacher’s professional judgment
A classroom teacher waits five seconds after asking a question before calling on a student for the answer. Why does the teacher do this?
If the teacher calls on a student too quickly, only the brightest students will have time to formulate an answer
What is the primary drawback to assigning digital lessons to students as homework?
Some students do not have access to a computer or the internet
Dual-language classrooms often use Total Physical Response (TPR) to learn new vocabulary words in primary and secondary languages. TPR is
a technique that matches specific physical movements to classroom instruction to increase student motivation and retention
When developing a lesson plan and writing objectives it is important
to always start with a state standard
A classroom teacher has planned to motivate students in her class by having them create a cartoon strip as a final product. This would most appeal to students who are which of the following?
spatial/visual
After students took a winter benchmark assessment, a classroom teacher reviewed the data on student scores in various reading strands. What intervention strategies should the teacher use to target the at-risk students?
Provide small-group tutoring for Students B and C, systematically addressing vocabulary, reading application skills, and the students’ ability to analyze literature and informational texts
Constitutional Amendment 1
separation of church & state
Constitutional Amendment IV
home is secure from unreasonable search & seizure
Constitutional Amendment X
responsibility of education rests at state & local levels since Constitution does not mention it as a federal duty
Constitutional Amendment XIV
life, liberty, property without due process
McKinney-Vento Act
homeless children cannot be segregated
Plyler v. Doe
1982
illegal immigrants cannot be denied school enrollment, violates equal protection clause of XIV amendment
Natural Approach
limited error correction, use of realia, lowered affective filter
Progressivism
emphasizes problem solving
students learn by doing & collaboration
Socratic Method
Idealism
questioning & interacting
uses knowledge & reason
(not hands-on experience)
Erikson’s Theory
trust v. mistrust birth - 18 months autonomy v. doubt 18 mos - 3 yrs initiative 3-6 yrs old industry 6-12 yrs old identity v. role confusion 12- 18 yrs intimacy v. isolation young adult generativeity v. self absorption middle adult integrity v. despair late adult
Behaviorism (Skinner)
reinforcement to shape behavior
drill & practice - teaching strategy
1990 Lulac etal v. Fla Board of Education
Florida Consent Decree
protects the rights for ESOL students
register
social level @ which language is spoken - context of the situation determines the socially appropriate register for the speech used
1943 landmark case W.Va State Board of Ed v. Burnette
schools are prohibited from requiring students to participate in flag salutes
Extinction
withdrawing reinforcers to discourage undesirable behavior
raw score
total number of correct responses on an assessment
Which tests limit the number of students who can score well?
Which tests limit the number of students who can score well? Norm-referenced tests, because each students who completes the exam is ranked with the % scores in relation to the sample
It is favorable to provide feedback to tests when?
after a day or two
Praise has been shown to be most effective when?
It is authentic and low-key and is used frequently
What are some examples of controlled interruptions?
missing supplies, late to class
minor disruptions that can be minimized with procedures that are already in place.
Non-directive statements show?
a student that a teacher is listening, but not making a judgment or pointing the conversation in a specific direction
According to Piaget, children under the age of 8?
Do not have the ability of understanding the language or to grasp complexities. Teachers should use simple language when working with these children.
Marshall Rosenberg categorizes learners as?
rigid-inhibited, undisciplined, acceptance-anxious, and creative
Long term memory is said to be?
unlimited and permanent
Spelling errors do not allow for?
divergent or creative thinking
Sequential language acquisition occurs when?
A student learns a second language after mastering the first
stanine
STAndard NINE
method of scaling test scores on a nine-point standard scale with a mean of five and a standard deviation of two
Result Ranking 4% 7% 12% 17% 20% 17% 12% 7% 4%
Stanine 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
School Advisory Council (SAC)
team of people representing various segments of the community–parents, teachers, students, administrators, support staff, business/ industry people and other interested community members
assist in development & evaluation of the results of the school improvement plan & assist the principal with the annual school budget
cumulative record
permanent record; includes progress, attendance, test scores,academic experiences, challenges, accomplishments, Individualized Education Plan (IEP) records, English Language Development (ELD) levels, teacher comments, recent report cards, etc.
raw score
unaltered measurement (not averaged, curved, etc.)
raw data set
collection of raw scores, the entire class’ raw scores
