Terminology Flashcards
What are active verbs?
Where the person/thing doing the action is the subject of the verb
E.g the MINISTER has issued an apology
What are adverbs?
Words that usually describe verbs and often have ‘ly’ at the end
E.g quickly
What are passive verbs?
Where the thing that has been done is the subject of the verb
E.g an APOLOGY has been issued by the minister
What are pronouns?
Words that take the place of nouns
What are the 7 types of pronouns?
Demonstrative Personal Possessive Relative Reflexive Indefinite Interrogative
What are possessive pronouns?
Pronouns that show possession i.e hers
What are reflexive pronouns?
Pronouns that end in ‘self’ and ‘selves’
What are demonstrative pronouns?
Pronouns that have a sense of pointing at something
E.g this, that
What are indefinite pronouns?
Pronouns that don’t refer to specific people or things
E.g no one, anything
What are relative pronouns?
They are linking words in a sentence
E.g a city THAT HAS people
What are interrogative pronouns?
Pronouns used when asking a question , the 4 pronouns used are Who, whose, which, what
What are conjunctions?
Words that join together words in a sentence
E.g and, but
What are prepositions?
Point out how one thing relates to another examples are prepositions that relate to position (at,on) direction (to,past) and time (before)
What are determiners?
Words that come before nouns
E.g the
What is a definite article?
The
What is an indefinite article?
A
What are possessive and demonstrative determiners?
Possessive determiners are pronouns such as ‘hers’ where as demonstrative determiners are ‘this, that and these’
What are the 3 types of sentence?
Compound, complex and simple
What is ellipsis?
When a word is missed out in a sentence
What are relative clauses?
Clauses that usually include pronouns, who whose, which or that
What are adverbial clauses?
Clauses that explain when, where or why something happened
E.g before, because
What is a simple sentence?
A sentence with one clause
What is a compound sentence?
Two or more simple sentences joined together by a coordinating conjunction
What is a complex sentence?
Where one or more of the clauses is less important that the main clause
What are the 4 sentence functions?
Declarative
Interrogative
Imperative
Exclamative
What is a declarative sentence?
A sentence that’s a statement
What is an interrogative sentence?
A sentence that’s a question
What is an imperative sentence?
A sentence that gives instructions
What is an exclamatory sentence?
A sentence with an explanation mark
What is a morpheme?
The smallest unit of language that has a meaning or function (can be either a letter or group of letters)
E.g er , ly , a
What are affixes?
Morphemes that have been added to the begging or end of the word. An affix at the beginning of the word is a prefix and an affix at the end is a suffix
What is a free morpheme?
Morphemes that can stand alone as words and where their structure can’t be broken down
E.g orange
What is a bound morpheme?
Morphemes the can’t stand alone and have to be attached to another morpheme
E.g er, un
What are derivational affixes?
They can be used through the use of prefixes,suffixes or both
What are derivational suffixes?
They usually change the word class of the word they are added to
What is a denotation?
The meaning of a word
What are connotations?
Associations that a word has
E.g winter - cold, dark nights
What is lexis?
Vocabulary
What is a lexical field?
A group of words that link by having associated meanings
E.g football, half time
What is an example if a hypernym and a hyponym?
Hypernym - flower (general)
Hyponym - daisy (specific)
What are synonyms?
World that have similar meanings
E.g talk, chat
What are antonyms?
Word meanings that are opposite
E.g hot, cold
What is a metaphor?
Describing something as if it is actually something else
What is a idiom?
An expression that can’t be understood from the meaning of the individual words in the expression
E.g face the music
What are collocations?
Groups of words that are commonly found next to each other
E.g it’s a long way
What is a phoneme?
The smallest unit of sound in a language
E.g A
What are prosodic features?
Non-verbal features of speech such as tone and pitch
What are auxiliary verbs?
A verb places in front of a main verb
E.g can
What is an example of an adjacency pair?
A question followed by an answer
What is convergence and divergence?
Convergence- When two peoples speech styles move closer to each other
Divergence- when two peoples speech styles move away from each other
What is ellipsis?
When words in a sentence are missing
E.g ‘might be’ rather than ‘I might be’
What is Elision?
Missing vowel or syllable in a word
E.g ‘gunna’ rather than ‘going to’
What is idiolect?
A unique form of language used by a single person
What is euphemism?
Using a mild expression rather than an offensive one
E.g ‘sugar’ instead of ‘shit’
What is intertextuality?
When a text makes reference to another text
What are semantics?
The study of the word meanings
What are model auxiliary verbs?
Words that can be used to sound more polite or change the meaning of something
E.g must, can, should
What are comparative adjectives?
Adjectives that have ‘er’ added to them and can be formed when ‘more’ is put in front of them
E.g hotter, more beautiful
What are superlative adjectives?
Adjectives that have ‘est’ added to them or can be formed when ‘most’ is put in front of them
E.g hottest, most beautiful
What are adjectives?
Describing words that are used to describe nouns
What is a noun?
Naming words for people, places and objects
What are concrete nouns?
Refer to things that physically exist
E.g chair
What are collective nouns?
Refer to groups if people, animals or objects
E.g flock of sheep
What are the 3 primary verbs?
Be
Have
Do
What are abstract nouns?
Things that don’t physically exist
E.g feelings, love
What are verbs?
Words that refer to either physical or mental actions
E.g jump, that ‘seems’ unfair
What are proper nouns?
Usually begin with capital letter and refer to people and places
E.g Dom, Paris
What are common nouns?
Refer to types of people and places, less specific
E.g man, city
What are the 5 types of nouns?
Proper nouns Common nouns Concrete nouns Abstract nouns Collective nouns
What are auxiliary verbs?
Verbs that are out in front of main verbs
E.g I ‘must have’ knew
What is colloquialism?
Informal language
E.g arse
What is phatic talk?
Like small talk
E.g ‘hi, you okay?’ ‘Yes thanks’
What are the 4 functions of language?
Referential function
Expressive function
Transactional function
Interactional function
What is the referential function of language?
Giving information
What is the expressive function of language?
Expressing feelings
What is the transactional function?
Emphasis on getting something
What is the interactional function?
Social relationship shown
What is inexplicit?
When we don’t explain ourselves in detail
What is tenor?
The tone or relationship between the author and the reader and how it’s created
What are themes?
Ideas and images in the text?
What is personification?
When non-human things are given human qualities
E.g the trees danced in the wind
What is pre-modification?
When descriptive words come before the thing they are describing
What is post-modification?
When descriptive words come after the thing they are describing
What are examples of paralinguistic features?
Body language, laughing
What is back channeling?
Making noises such as ‘hm’ to show the person you’re listening
What is the mode of a text?
If it is written or spoken
What is a tagged question?
A question added onto a statement
What is GAPS when analysing a text?
Genre
Audience
Purpose
Subject
