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AP Language and Composition > Terminology > Flashcards

Terminology Flashcards

0
Q

An indirect reference, often to another text or an historic event.

A

Allusion

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1
Q

The repetition of the same sound or letter at the beginning of consecutive words or syllables.

A

Alliteration

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2
Q

An extended comparison between two seemingly dissimilar things.

A

Analogy

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3
Q

The repetition of words at the beginning of successive clauses.

A

Anaphora

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4
Q

A short account of an interesting event.

A

Anecdote

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5
Q

Explanatory or critical notes added to a text.

A

Annotation

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6
Q

The noun to which a later pronoun refers.

A

Antecedent

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7
Q

The repetition of words in an inverted order to sharpen a contrast.

A

Antimetabole

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8
Q

Parallel structure that juxtaposes contrasting ideas.

A

Antithesis

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9
Q

A short, astute statement of a general truth.

A

Aphorism

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10
Q

A word or phrase that renames a nearby noun or pronoun.

A

Appositive

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11
Q

The use of words common to an earlier time period; antiquated language.

A

Archaic dictation

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12
Q

A statement put forth and supported by evidence.

A

Argument

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13
Q

A diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience (see rhetorical triangle).

A

Aristotelian triangle

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14
Q

An emphatic statement; declaration. An assertion supported by evidence becomes an argument.

A

Assertion

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15
Q

A belief or statement taken for granted without proof.

A

Assumption

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16
Q

Leaving out conjunctions between words, phrases, clauses.

A

Asyndeton

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17
Q

The speaker’s position on a subject as revealed through his or her tone.

A

Attitude

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18
Q

One’s listener or readership; those to whom a speech or piece of writing
is addressed.

A

Audience

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19
Q

A reliable, respected source—someone with knowledge.

A

Authority

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20
Q

Prejudice or predisposition toward one side of a subject or issue.

A

Bias

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21
Q

Identifying a part of a piece of writing as being derived from a source.

A

Cite

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22
Q

An assertion, usually supported by evidence.

A

Claim

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23
Q

A careful reading that is attentive to organization, figurative language, sentence structure, vocabulary, and other literary and structural elements
of a text.

A

Close reading

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24
Q

An informal or conversational use of language.

A

Colloquialism

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25
Q

Shared beliefs, values, or positions.

A

Common ground

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26
Q

A sentence that includes one independent clause and at least
one dependent clause.

A

Complex sentence

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27
Q

A reluctant acknowledgment or yielding.

A

Concession

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28
Q

That which is implied by a word, as opposed to the word’s literal meaning (see denotation).

A

Connotation

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29
Q

Words, events, or circumstances that help determine meaning.

A

Context

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30
Q

Grammatical equivalence between parts of a sentence, often
through a coordinating conjunction such as and, or but.

A

Coordination

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31
Q

A challenge to a position; an opposing argument.

A

Counterargument

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32
Q

An independent clause followed by subordinate clauses or phrases that supply additional detail.

A

Cumulative sentence

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33
Q

A sentence that makes a statement.

A

Declarative sentence

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34
Q

Reasoning from general to specific

A

Deduction

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35
Q

The literal meaning of a word; its dictionary definition.

A

Denotation

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36
Q

Word choice.

A

Diction

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37
Q

Bibliographic information about the sources used in a piece of writing.

A

Documentation

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38
Q

Mournful over what has passed or been lost; often used to describe tone.

A

Elegiac

39
Q

A brief witty statement.

A

Epigram

40
Q

A Greek term referring to the character of a person; one of Aristotle’s
three rhetorical appeals (see logos and pathos).

A

Ethos

41
Q

The use of tropes or figures of speech; going beyond literal meaning to achieve literary effect.

A

Figurative language

42
Q

The use of tropes or figures of speech; going beyond literal meaning to achieve literary effect.

A

Figure of speech

43
Q

Exaggeration for the purpose of emphasis.

A

Hyperbole

44
Q

Vivid use of language that evokes a reader’s senses (sight, smell, taste, touch, hearing).

A

Imagery

45
Q

A sentence that requests or commands.

A

Imperative sentence

46
Q

Reasoning from specific to general.

A

Induction

47
Q

A sentence in which the verb precedes the subject.

A

Inversion

48
Q

A contradiction between what is said and what is meant; incongruity between action and result.

A

Irony

49
Q

Placement of two things side by side for emphasis.

A

Juxtaposition

50
Q

A Greek term that means “word”; an appeal to logic; one of Aristotle’s
three rhetorical appeals (see ethos and pathos) .

A

Logos

51
Q

A figure of speech or trope through which one thing is spoken of as
though it were something else, thus making an implicit comparison.

A

Metaphor

52
Q

Use of an aspect of something to represent the whole.

A

Metonymy

53
Q

An aspect of context; the cause or reason for writing.

A

Occasion

54
Q

A figure of speech that combines two contradictory terms.

A

Oxymoron

55
Q

A statement that seems contradictory but is actually true.

A

Paradox

56
Q

The repetition of similar grammatical or syntactical patterns.

A

Parallelism

57
Q

A piece that imitates and exaggerates the prominent features of another;
used for comic effect or ridicule.

A

Parody

58
Q

A Greek term that refers to suffering but has come to be associated with broader appeals to emotion; one of Aristotle’s three rhetorical appeals (see
ethos and logos).

A

Pathos

59
Q

The speaker, voice, or character assumed by the author of a piece of
writing.

A

Persona

60
Q

Assigning lifelike characteristics to inanimate objects.

A

Personification

61
Q

An argument against an idea, usually regarding philosophy, politics, or religion.

A

Polemic

62
Q

The deliberate use of a series of conjunctions.

A

Polysendeton

63
Q

Two parts of a syllogism. The concluding sentence of a syllogism takes its predicate from the major premise and its subject from the
minor premise.
Major premise: All mammals are warm-blooded.
Minor premise: All horses are mammals.
Conclusion: All horses are warm-blooded (see syllogism).

A

Premise: major, minor

64
Q

A negative term for writing designed to sway opinion rather than
present information.

A

Propaganda

65
Q

A negative term for writing designed to sway opinion rather than
present information.

A

Propaganda

66
Q

A negative term for writing designed to sway opinion rather than
present information.

A

Purpose

67
Q

To discredit an argument, particularly a counterargument.

A

Refute

68
Q

The study of effective, persuasive language use; according to Aristotle,
use of the “available means of persuasion.”

A

Rhetoric

69
Q

Patterns of organization developed to achieve a specific purpose; modes include but are not limited to narration, description, comparison
and contrast, cause and effect, definition, exemplification, classification and
division, process analysis, and argumentation.

A

Rhetorical modes

70
Q

A question asked more to produce an effect than to summon
an answer.

A

Rhetorical question

71
Q

A diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience (see Aristotelian
triangle).

A

Rhetorical triangle

72
Q

An ironic, sarcastic, or witty composition that claims to argue for something, but actually argues against it.

A

Satire

73
Q

A pattern of words or sentence construction used for rhetorical effect.

A

Scheme

74
Q

The arrangement of independent and dependent clauses
into known sentence constructions—such as simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex.

A

Sentence patterns

75
Q

Using a variety of sentence patterns to create a desired effect.

A

Sentence variety

76
Q

A figure of speech that uses “like” or “as” to compare two things.

A

Simile

77
Q

A statement containing a subject and predicate; an independent clause.

A

Simple sentence

78
Q

A book, article, person, or other resource consulted for information.

A

Source

79
Q

A term used for the author, speaker, or the person whose perspective (real or imagined) is being advanced in a speech or piece of writing.

A

Speaker

80
Q

A logical fallacy that involves the creation of an easily refutable position; misrepresenting, then attacking an opponent’s position.

A

Straw man

81
Q

The distinctive qualitiy of speech or writing created by the selection and arrangement of words and figures of speech.

A

Style

82
Q

In rhetoric, the topic addressed in a piece of writing.

A

Subject

83
Q

Created by a subordinating conjunction, a clause that modifies an independent clause.

A

Subordinate clause

84
Q

The dependence of one syntactical element on another in a sentence.

A

Subordination

85
Q

A form of deductive reasoning in which the conclusion is supported
by a major and minor premise (see premise; major, and minor).

A

Syllogism

86
Q

Sentence structure.

A

Syntax

87
Q

Combining or bringing together two or more elements to produce something more complex.

A

Synthesize

88
Q

The central idea in a work to which all parts of the work refer.

A

Thesis

89
Q

A statement of the central idea in a work, may be explicit or implicit.

A

Thesis statement

90
Q

The speaker’s attitude toward the subject or audience.

A

Tone

91
Q

A sentence, most often appearing at the beginning of a paragraph, that announces the paragraph’s idea and often unites it with the work’s
thesis.

A

Topic sentence

92
Q

Artful diction; the use of language in a nonliteral way; also called a figure of speech.

A

Trope

93
Q

Lack of emphasis in a statement or point; restraint in language often used for ironic effect.

A

Understatement

94
Q

In grammar, a term for the relationship between a verb and a noun (active
or passive voice). In rhetoric, a distinctive quality in the style and tone of
writing.

A

Voice

95
Q

A construction in which one word (usually a verb) modifies or governs—often in different, sometimes incongruent ways—two or more
words in a sentence.

A

Zeugma

AP Language and Composition (1 decks)

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