Terminology Flashcards

Ancient and Medieval History India

1
Q

What is Agrahara?

A

Land or village gifted by a king

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2
Q

Who are the Alvars?

A

The Vaishnava saint-poets of early medieval South India

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3
Q

What is Apabhramsha?

A

later Prakrit language
up to the end of the 1st millennium CE

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4
Q

Define Aranyakas

A

Literally ‘forest books’; part of the Vedic corpus

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5
Q

What are Abwab?

A

Extra legal charges exacted by landlords

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6
Q

What does an “Akhra” refer to?

A

Gymnasium

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7
Q

Who is an Amil?

A

Revenue official

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8
Q

Who is an “Amla”?

A

Zamindari official

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9
Q

Who are the Ajlaf?

A

Muslim commoners

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10
Q

What is an Atrap?

A

Muslim commoners—same as ajlaf

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11
Q

What are Azad dastas?

A

Guerrilla bands

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12
Q

What is the role of Amils?

A

Revenue officers

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13
Q

What is Arz-I-Mamalik?

A

Minister in-charge of the army of the whole country

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14
Q

Define Ahl-I-Qalam

A

Reporter

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15
Q

What are Aham/Agam?

A

Sangam love poems

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16
Q

What are Amphorae?

A

A type of Roman pottery—jars with a large oval body, narrow cylindrical neck, and two handles

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17
Q

What is Antarala?

A

The vestibule or antechamber of a temple

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18
Q

Define Anvikshiki

A

Literally, ‘looking at’; logical reasoning

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19
Q

What is an “Araghatta”?

A

A Persian water-wheel used in irrigation in Medieval India

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20
Q

What is Ardhamagadhi?

A

An eastern dialect of Prakrit; the earliest Jaina texts are written in this dialect

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21
Q

What is Ardhamandapa?

A

The hall preceding the sanctum in a temple

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22
Q

Define “Arhat/Arahant”

A

A person who has attained enlightenment

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23
Q

What are the Ariya-sachchani?

A

The Four Noble Truths related to suffering; an important part of the Buddha’s teaching

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24
Q

What are Astika schools?

A

Philosophical schools that accepted the authority of the Vedas, comprising the six classical systems of Hindu philosophy

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25
Q

Who were the Ayyavole?

A

A powerful merchant guild of early medieval South India

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26
Q

What is an “Aurang”?

A

A Warehouse in Persian

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27
Q

What is Bhikkhu Pali?

A

Literally ‘one who lives by begging alms’; a Buddhist monk

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28
Q

Define Brahmacharya

A

The stage of celibate studenthood in the Ashrama scheme

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29
Q

What is Brahmadeya?

A

Land gifted to Brahmanas, generally by kings

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30
Q

What does Baqqal mean?

A

Trader, grain-dealer

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31
Q

What is Batai?

A

Division of crop between the cultivator and landlord or the government; payments may be in kind or cash

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32
Q

Who is a Barid?

A

An intelligence officer appointed by the State to collect information (during the Delhi Sultanate)

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33
Q

What does Banjar refer to?

A

Waste and fallow land

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34
Q

Who are “Banjaras”?

A

A nomadic people from AFGHANISTAN that speak Gor Boli/Lambadi
Found in Telangana, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka

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35
Q

What is a Bahas?

A

Muslim religious meeting

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36
Q

What is Bakasht?

A

Land where permanent tenancies have been converted into short-term tenancies

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37
Q

Define Bodhisattva

A

A future Buddha

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38
Q

What is Boustrephedon style?

A

A style of writing in which consecutive lines start in opposite directions

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39
Q

What is a “Burin”?

A

A small stone tool, made on a blade, with a ‘screw-driver’ edge

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40
Q

Who is a “Banian”?

A

A Merchant engaged by a Western merchant to work for them as a borker, interpreter and agent.

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41
Q

Who is a “Bara Balutedar”?

A

A hereditary system of village servants prevalent in villages of medieval Maharashtra. The Balutedars were paid through a barter system using village produce

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42
Q

What does Chakri mean?

A

Office job

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43
Q

What is a Cairn stone circle?

A

A type of megalithic burial, marked by a stone circle

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44
Q

What is a Chaitya?

A

A Buddhist shrine

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45
Q

Define Charana

A

School of Vedic study

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46
Q

What is the “Charvaka” or “Lokayata” school of philosophy?

A
  • An atheistic materialist philosophical school from the post-Upanishadic period (600-400 B.C.E.).
  • It believed that only perceivable matter exists, and there are no supernatural entities or planes of existence.
  • It rejects the Vedas and the concept of reincarnation.
  • Emphasizes sensory perception (Pratyaksa) as the primary source of knowledge.
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47
Q

What are Cowries?

A

Marine shells, once used as currency in many parts of the world

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48
Q

What does Chaouth or Chauthaai refer to?

A

One-fourth of the land revenue, originally a zamindari charge in Gujrat demanded by Shivaji as a war expense

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49
Q

What is Charai?

A

A tax on cattle

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50
Q

What does Dadan mean?

A

Advance

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51
Q

Who were the “Dadani”?

A

Merchants who procured goods by paying advances to primary producers

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52
Q

What is a “Dalam”?

A

A Revolutionary unit

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53
Q

Who is a Dalwai?

A

Prime minister of the Mysore state

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54
Q

What is a Dastak?

A

Permits issued by the local councils of the East India Company certifying their goods for the purpose of tax exemption

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55
Q

Who was a Deshpande?

A

Revenue collector

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56
Q

What does Deshmukh mean?

A

Revenue officer

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57
Q

What does Dikhu mean?

A

Foreigner; term used by the tribals (San-thals) to identify outsiders

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58
Q

Define Dakshinapatha

A

The great southern trade route

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59
Q

What is Dana?

A

Ritual giving

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60
Q

What does Darshana refer to?

A

Literally, ‘view’; philosophy

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61
Q

What is Dhamma?

A

A Pali word (Sanskrit, dharma), referring to the ideal conduct of an individual living in society

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62
Q

What is Dhamma Chakka-pavattana?

A

Literally ‘turning the wheel of dhamma’; the Buddha’s first sermon in the deer park near Benaras

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63
Q

What are Dhamma-mahamatas?

A

A new cadre of officials created by Ashoka to propagate dhamma

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64
Q

Define Dvija

A

Literally ‘twice born’; those entitled to the performance of the upanayana (sacred thread) ceremony

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65
Q

What is the Dagh System?

A

A system of branding of horses and animals

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66
Q

What is Dame?

A

A copper coin considered as 1/40 of the silver rupee for official purposes

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67
Q

What does Dastur-At-Amal refer to?

A

Rule book

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68
Q

Who is a Dhimmi?

A

A non-Muslim client or subject

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69
Q

What is Darul Mulk?

A

Capital

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70
Q

What does Diwan refer to?

A

Function of finance

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71
Q

What is Diwan-I-Arz?

A

Ministry of military affairs

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72
Q

What is Diwan-I-Insha?

A

Ministry of royal correspondence

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73
Q

Who is a Diwan-I-Kul Wazir?

A

Chief imperial fiscal minister

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74
Q

What does Daroga mean?

A

Minor officer or in charge of local office

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75
Q

What is Diwan-I-Risalat?

A

Ministry of religious affairs

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76
Q

What does Diwan-I-Wizarat refer to?

A

Department of finance

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77
Q

What is a Faujdar?

A

In charge of Sarkar

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78
Q

What does Fitna mean?

A

Sedition

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79
Q

What are Fituris?

A

A tradition of tribal rebellion

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80
Q

What are the Four Noble Truths (Ariya-sachchani)?

A

An important part of the Buddha’s teaching: there is suffering; it has a cause; it can be eliminated; the way to eliminate it is to follow the Eight-fold Path

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81
Q

What is Gumashta?

A

An agent or representative

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82
Q

What is Garbha-Griha?

A

The inner sanctum of a temple, where the image of the main deity is placed and worshipped

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83
Q

What does Grihastha refer to?

A

The householder stage in the Ashrama scheme

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84
Q

What is Ghatwali?

A

Service tenure for village watchmen

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85
Q

What are Giras?

A

Customary dues

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86
Q

What is Gomustah?

A

Indian agent of the East India Company

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87
Q

What is Gahapati?

A

Pali for Sanskrit grihapati, i.e., householder; a wealthy property-owner

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88
Q

What does Gana mean?

A

A word which has many meanings, including an oligarchy

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89
Q

What is Garbha-griha?

A

The inner sanctum of a temple, where the image of the main deity is placed and worshipped

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90
Q

What is Grantha script?

A

A South Indian script used for writing Sanskrit

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91
Q

What is Ganj?

A

A grain market

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92
Q

What is a Hun?

A

A gold coin

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93
Q

What does Hamam refer to?

A

A room for the bath of hot and cold water

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94
Q

What is a Hundi?

A

A bill of exchange

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95
Q

What are Hundikas?

A

Bills of exchange used by traders in early medieval India

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96
Q

What is Ibadat Khana?

A

House of worship

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97
Q

What is Iqta?

A

The land-grant system adopted by Ala-Ud-Din Khilji to grant his officers as reward for services rendered

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98
Q

What does Khalisa mean?

A

Land revenue directly for imperial treasury

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99
Q

What does Khots refer to?

A

Village head

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100
Q

What is Khums?

A

Tax on plunder

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101
Q

What is Khutba?

A

A sermon made in Friday mosque

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102
Q

Define Janapada

A

Literally, ‘foothold of a tribe’; a territorial state; a region consisting of urban and rural settlements, along with its inhabitants

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103
Q

What are Jatakas?

A

One of the 15 books of the Khuddaka Nikaya, containing stories of the previous births of the Buddha

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104
Q

What is the “Jajmani System” of North India?

A

Traditional Hindu system of economic exchange between upper and lower castes. Lower castes performed services in exchange for grain/money from upper castes.

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105
Q

Who is a Jina?

A

Literally ‘victor’; a Jaina saint

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106
Q

What is Jama?

A

Estimated land revenue income

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107
Q

Who is a Janmi?

A

Holder of janmam tenure

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108
Q

Who are Jatha(s)?

A

Sikh bands of warriors

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109
Q

What is Jatra?

A

Rural theatrical performance

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110
Q

What are Jotedar(s)?

A

Intermediary tenure holders

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111
Q

What is Jamabandi?

A

Settlement of the amount of revenue assessed upon an estate or district

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112
Q

What is Jarib?

A

Measurement, land measurement or survey

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113
Q

What does Jihat mean?

A

Extra cesses

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114
Q

What is Jizya?

A

(A) Any tax which is not Kharai or land tax (B) A personal and yearly tax on non-Muslims

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115
Q

What are Ikrarnamas?

A

Contractual obligations imposed on the Bundela chiefs by the EIC to suppress their resistance.

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116
Q

What is Kankut?

A

Estimation of land revenue

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117
Q

Who is a Karori?

A

A revenue officer

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118
Q

What is Khirai?

A

Land revenue

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119
Q

What does Kula refer to?

A

A word with a range of meanings, including an extended patrilineal family

120
Q

What is a Kanamdar/Kanak?

A

Holder of kanam tenure

121
Q

Who are Khanazad?

A

Hereditary Muslim aristocrats in the Mughal court

122
Q

What are Khudkasht(s)?

A

Peasants with occupancy rights

123
Q

What is Khutba?

A

Friday prayers in the mosque

124
Q

Who are Kulin?

A

Some castes among the Brahmans and Kayasthas of Bengal who are considered to be the purest

125
Q

What are Kani rights?

A

Rights over land in early medieval South India, sometimes also associated with certain duties and obligations

126
Q

What are Kara-shasanas?

A

Tax-paying agraharas

127
Q

What is Kottam?

A

Settlement clusters in the Pallava kingdom, similar to the nadus

128
Q

What does Kshatra mean?

A

Secular power

129
Q

Who is a Kshatrapa?

A

A viceroy or subordinate ruler of the Scytho-Parthians

130
Q

What is Linga?

A

A phallic emblem of the God Shiva

131
Q

What is Lokayata?

A

An atheistic materialist philosophical school, also known as Charvaka

132
Q

What is Madad-I-Massh?

A

Tax free grants of land

133
Q

What does Malfuzat mean?

A

Sayings of Sufi saint

134
Q

What is a Mamluk?

A

White slaves

135
Q

Who is Mir Bhakshi?

A

Head of the Military department

136
Q

Who is a Mir Saman?

A

Officer in charge of Royal Karkhanas

137
Q

Who is a Muquaddam?

A

Village head

138
Q

What is Mahal?

A

A group of land regarded as a unit for land revenue purposes

139
Q

What is Mansab?

A

A military rank conferred by the Mughal emperor

140
Q

What is Mauza?

A

Revenue term for village

141
Q

What is Mokasa?

A

Grant of land for military service, rent-free land

142
Q

What is Madhayamaka?

A

A major Mahayana school founded by Nagarjuna, in which the idea of Shunyata (emptiness) is of great importance

143
Q

What are Mahajanapadas?

A

The great states of the 6th century BCE

144
Q

What is Mahakshatrapa?

A

Viceroy, subordinate ruler; a title assumed by some kings of the Kshaharata and Kardamaka dynasties

145
Q

What does Mahayana mean?

A

Literally ‘the greater vehicle’; a set of Buddhist schools

146
Q

What is Mandapika?

A

A local centre of exchange, in between small periodic markets and larger trade centres

147
Q

What is Manigramam?

A

A powerful merchant guild of early medieval South India

148
Q

What is Matha?

149
Q

What is Moksha?

A

Liberation from the cycle of birth and death

150
Q

Who is a Masand?

A

A deputy of the Sikh guru

151
Q

What is Mulgujar?

A

Landholding primary zamindar

152
Q

What are Meli(s)?

A

Anti-feudal demonstrations

153
Q

Who is a Mirasidar?

A

Under the Ryotwari system, Mirasidars were land owners/sole proprietors

154
Q

What are Misls?

A

Combinations of Sikh sardars based on kinship ties

155
Q

What is Mofussil?

A

Small town or subdivisional town

156
Q

What is Muktiyar Namah?

A

Power of attorney

157
Q

What is Mushaira?

A

Public recital

158
Q

Who are “Muttadars”?

A

Estate holders

159
Q

What is a Menhir?

A

A type of megalithic burial, marked by a single, large, standing stone

160
Q

What are Mithuna figures?

A

Amorous couples that occur in sculptural decoration of shrines

161
Q

What is Mukhamandapa?

A

The porch of a temple

162
Q

What does Nabud mean?

A

Remission of land revenue on account of natural disasters

163
Q

What is the Nagara Style?

A

The northern style of temple architecture, marked by a curvilinear shikara (tower)

164
Q

What are Nagarams?

A

Market or commercial centres in early medieval South India

165
Q

What is Nagarattar?

A

The organization of the Nagaram

166
Q

What is Northern Black Polished Ware (NBP or NBPW)?

A

A distinctive type of fine pottery with a glossy surface, made and used between c. 700 and 200 BCE (Iron Age- Later Vedic period - Mahajanapadas)
Succeeds the Painted Grey Ware Culture

167
Q

What is Nakdi Mansabdar?

A

Mansabdars who were paid in cash

168
Q

What is Nankar?

A

Revenue free land

169
Q

What is Nadu?

A

The locality, consisting of several settlements, in early medieval South India

170
Q

What is Nagarakkani?

A

Land owned and managed by the nagaram

171
Q

What is Nalayira Divya Prabandham?

A

A work by Nathamuni, containing the hymns of the Alvar saints

172
Q

Who are Nattar?

A

The leading men of the nadu (locality) in early medieval South India

173
Q

What is Nibbana?

A

A term used often in the Buddhist tradition for liberation from the cycle of birth and death

174
Q

What is Nitishastra?

A

Sanskrit works on statecraft

175
Q

What is Niyoga?

A

Levirate; the ancient custom of a widow cohabiting with her brother-in-law or another man in order to produce sons

176
Q

What is Nyaya?

A

A philosophical school concerned primarily with logic and epistemology

177
Q

What does Ochre Coloured refer to?

A

Color description, often associated with certain artifacts or materials

178
Q

What does ‘Nattar’ refer to in early medieval South India?

A

The leading men of the nadu (locality)

179
Q

What is ‘Nibbana’ in the Buddhist tradition?

A

Liberation from the cycle of birth and death

180
Q

Define ‘Nitishastra’.

A

Sanskrit works on statecraft

181
Q

What is ‘Niyoga’?

A

The ancient custom of a widow cohabiting with her brother-in-law or another man to produce sons

182
Q

What philosophical school is ‘Nyaya’ concerned with?

A

Logic and epistemology

183
Q

What is ‘Ochre Coloured Pottery’ (OCP)?

A

A Protohistoric Pottery Type Found At Several Sites In The Doab

184
Q

What does ‘Paibaqi’ refer to?

A

Land Reserved For Allotment In Jagir

185
Q

What is ‘Polai’ in terms of land use?

A

Land Continuously In Cultivation

186
Q

Define ‘Painted Grey Ware’ (PGW).

A

A distinctive type of fine, grey pottery with designs painted on in black, made and used in parts of North India between c. 1000 and 500 BCE

187
Q

What are ‘Paramitas’ in Mahayana Buddhism?

A

Perfections Whose Attainment Led To The Bodhisattva Path

188
Q

What are ‘Pariharas’?

A

Exemptions and privileges granted to donees in royal land grants

189
Q

What does ‘Parinibbana’ signify?

A

The Passing Away Of The Buddha

190
Q

Who are ‘Pahikasht(s)’?

A

Vagrant Peasants

191
Q

What does ‘Patadar(s)’ mean?

A

Landowners

192
Q

Define ‘Patil’.

A

Village headmen

193
Q

What does ‘Podu’ refer to in the Andhra region?

A

A tribal term for shifting cultivation

194
Q

What is ‘Pali’?

A

An ancient language belonging to the Indo-European family; the language of the canon of the Theravada school

195
Q

What does ‘Paribbajaka’ mean in Pali?

A

Literally, ‘wanderer’, renunciant

196
Q

What is ‘Patichcha-samuppada’ in Buddhist teachings?

A

The law of dependent origination

197
Q

What is ‘Periyapuranam’?

A

A 12th century work containing hagiographies of the Nayanmar saints

198
Q

What is ‘Prakrit’?

A

An ancient language belonging to the Indo-European family with various dialects such as Maharashtri, Shauraseni, and Magadhi

199
Q

What are ‘Pramanas’?

A

Grounds of knowledge

200
Q

Define ‘Prashasti’.

A

Panegyric- Inscriptions composed by poets in praise of their rulers

201
Q

What does ‘Pravara’ refer to?

A

Names of supposed ancestral rishis, connected with the gotra system of the Brahmanas

202
Q

What are ‘Puram’?

A

War poems of the Sangam corpus

203
Q

What is a ‘Pargana’?

A

Around Hundred Village

204
Q

What does ‘Qanungos’ refer to?

A

Caretaker Of Revenue Records

205
Q

What are ‘Risalas’?

A

Units of the army of Haidar Ali of Mysore

206
Q

What does ‘Sabha’ mean in the Chola period?

A

Assembly Of Brahmins

207
Q

Who is a ‘Sadr Us Sadur’?

A

Minister for Ecclesiastical Affairs

208
Q

Define ‘Sarkar’.

A

Administrative Unit Or Units Of Paragana

209
Q

What are ‘Shaikhzadas’?

A

Indian Muslims Nobility

210
Q

What does ‘Sharia’ refer to?

A

Muslim Law

211
Q

What is a ‘Shiqdar’?

A

Head Of Administrative Unit

212
Q

What does ‘Sandhar’ mean?

213
Q

What are ‘Subas’?

214
Q

What is ‘Sabha’ in Vedic texts?

A

A tribal assembly or the assembly of a Brahmana village

215
Q

Define ‘Samana’.

A

A Pali word meaning ‘one who strives’, a renunciant

216
Q

What is a ‘Samanta’?

A

Subordinate Ruler; Feudatory

217
Q

What does ‘Samhita’ refer to?

A

A Collection Of Hymns, Associated With The Vedas

218
Q

What are ‘Samskaras’?

A

Rituals marking important life stages

219
Q

What does ‘Sandhara’ signify?

A

A Temple Style With An Enclosed Passage For Circumambulation

220
Q

What is ‘Shruti’?

A

Literally ‘that which has been heard’, The Veda

221
Q

What does ‘Shvetambara’ refer to in Jainism?

A

Literally ‘white-clad’, a Jaina Sect

222
Q

What is ‘Smriti’?

A

Texts; a category of Sanskrit texts that includes the Vedangas, Puranas, Epics, Dharmashastras, and Nitishastra

223
Q

Define ‘Stridhana’.

A

‘women’s wealth’; various types of moveable property given to a woman on various occasions during her life-time

224
Q

What does ‘Syadavada’ mean?

A

Literally ‘doctrine of maybe’; the Jaina doctrine of the partial nature of all statements about reality

225
Q

Who are ‘Sahajdharis’?

A

Non-khalsa Sikhs

226
Q

What is a ‘Sahukar’?

A

Moneylender

227
Q

What are ‘Sajjad Nisbins’?

A

Custodians of sufi shrines

228
Q

What does ‘Sanad’ refer to?

A

Mughal imperial order

229
Q

What is ‘Saranjam’?

A

Transferable land rights

230
Q

What is ‘Sawar’ in the Mughal military context?

A

A numerical rank indicating the number of horsemen they were supposed to maintain

231
Q

What does ‘Sharif’ mean?

A

Respectable Muslim

232
Q

What is the meaning of ‘Sud’ in the Choto Nagpur region?

A

A tribal term for foreigners

233
Q

What is ‘Swaraj Ziladish’?

A

Independent district magistrate

234
Q

What does ‘Samkhya’ explain?

A

The world as consisting of two fundamental categories: purusha (the spiritual principle) and prakriti (matter or nature)

235
Q

What is ‘Sangam literature’?

A

Texts in old Tamil, comprising the earliest parts of the Ettutokai, Pattuppattu and Tolkappiyam

236
Q

What does ‘Sangha’ refer to?

A

Oligarchy, the Buddhist monastic order, and the Jaina monastic order

237
Q

What is ‘Sannyasa’?

A

The stage of complete renunciation in the ashrama scheme

238
Q

What are ‘Sapindas’?

A

People related to each other, important in discussions on marriage and inheritance

239
Q

Define ‘Saptanga rajya’.

A

The seven-limbed state, the Arthashastra concept of the state consisting of seven elements

240
Q

What is ‘Setthi’?

A

A high-level businessman associated with trade and money-lending

241
Q

What is ‘Shakha’?

A

A school of Vedas - Hindu Theological school

242
Q

What is ‘Siddhamatrika’?

A

An ancient script known from the 6th century CE; also known as Kutila

243
Q

What does ‘Tevaram’ refer to?

A

A collection of hymns, part of the canon of South Indian Shaiva Bhakti

244
Q

What is ‘Tipitaka’?

A

Buddhist canonical texts; the Pali Tipitaka is the canon of the Theravada school

245
Q

What does ‘Triratna’ refer to in Jainism?

A

The Triple Path of Right Faith, Knowledge, and Conduct

246
Q

What is ‘Tankha Jagir’?

A

Hereditary possessions of the Rajput chiefs under the Mughals

247
Q

What are ‘Tufan dal(s)’?

A

Revolutionary village units

248
Q

What is ‘Taniyur’?

A

A special status given to certain brahmadeyas in early medieval South India

249
Q

Define ‘Terra sigilatta’.

A

Moulded, decorated wares made in Italy or imitations thereof

250
Q

What is ‘Tirthankara’ in Jainism?

A

Literally, ‘ford builder’; a Jaina saint

251
Q

What does ‘Tirumurai’ refer to?

A

The canon of South Indian Shaiva bhakti

252
Q

What is ‘Tiruttondar-Tiruvantai’?

A

A work giving a short hagiography of the Nayanar saints

253
Q

What is ‘Tiruttondar-Tokai’?

A

A work listing 62 Nayanmar saints

254
Q

What does ‘Torana’ refer to?

A

The gateway of a shrine

255
Q

What are ‘Transepts’ in megalithic tombs?

A

Vertical stone slabs that divide a megalithic chamber tomb into sections

256
Q

What is ‘Tankah’?

A

Silver Coin

257
Q

Who are ‘Ulama’?

A

Muslim priests

258
Q

What does ‘Ummah’ mean?

A

Community based on allegiance to the common Islamic faith

259
Q

What is ‘Utar’?

A

Forced labour

260
Q

What is ‘Ur’?

A

A non-brahmadeya village of South India; the corporate assembly of such a village

261
Q

What does ‘Upasaka’ mean in Buddhist context?

A

A male lay follower of the Buddha’s teaching

262
Q

What is ‘Vanaprastha’?

A

The stage of partial renunciation in the ashrama scheme

263
Q

What does ‘Varaha’ signify?

A

The Boar Incarnation Of The God Vishnu

264
Q

What does ‘Varna’ literally mean?

A

Colour; the concept of four hereditary classes—Brahmana, Kshatriya, Vaishya, And Shudra

265
Q

What is ‘Varna-Samkara’?

A

The mixture of varnas due to inter-varna unions

266
Q

What is ‘Vassavasa’?

A

The Monsoon Retreat Of Buddhist Monks

267
Q

What does ‘Vesara’ refer to in temple architecture?

A

A style of temple architecture blending Nagara and Dravida styles

268
Q

What is a ‘Vihara’?

A

A Buddhist monastery

269
Q

What does ‘Vimana’ refer to in temple architecture?

A

The sanctum of a temple and its superstructure

270
Q

What is a ‘Viragal’?

A

A ‘hero stone’ in the Tamil Nadu area

271
Q

What is ‘Vishnuism’ (Vaishnavism)?

A

The worship of Vishnu as a supreme god

272
Q

What does ‘Vatan’ signify?

A

Hereditary land rights

273
Q

What is ‘Vaisheshika’?

A

A philosophical school of pluralistic realism

274
Q

What is ‘Vatteluttu’?

A

An ancient South Indian script used for writing Tamil

275
Q

Who are the ‘Velir’?

A

Chiefs of South India

276
Q

What does ‘Vellala/vellalar’ refer to?

A

Cultivating groups of South India

277
Q

What are ‘Vellanvagai’?

A

Non-brahmadeya villages of early medieval South India

278
Q

Who are the ‘Vendar’?

A

The three ‘crowned kings’ of early historical South India, i.e., the Cholas, Cheras, and Pandyas

279
Q

What is ‘Waqf’?

A

Grants to Muslim religious establishments

280
Q

What does ‘Watandar’ refer to?

A

Desais and Deskmukh

281
Q

What is ‘Wilayat’?

A

Spiritual territory of a Sufi

282
Q

What does ‘Yajamana’ mean?

A

The person for whom the yajna (sacrifice) is performed and who bears its expenses

283
Q

Who are the ‘Yakshas’?

A

Deities associated with water, fertility, trees, forests, and the wilderness

284
Q

Who are the ‘Yakshis’?

A

Female deities associated with fertility, consorts of yakshas

285
Q

What does ‘Yavana’ refer to?

A

Greeks, foreigners from the West

286
Q

What is ‘Yogachara’?

A

A major Mahayana school emphasizing meditation

287
Q

What is a ‘Yupa’?

A

Sacrificial post

288
Q

What is ‘Yajna’?

289
Q

What are ‘Yakshas’ known for?

A

Deities associated with water, fertility, trees, forests, and the wilderness

290
Q

What are ‘Yakshis’ known for?

A

Female deities associated with fertility, consorts of yakshas

291
Q

What does ‘Zabt’ refer to?

A

Revenue based on land measurement

292
Q

What are ‘Zawabit’?

A

Non-Shariat state laws

293
Q

Who are ‘Zimmis’?

A

Protected non-Muslims

294
Q

What is ‘Zenana’?

A

The women’s quarter in the inner part of the house

295
Q

What does ‘Zillah’ refer to?

A

Administrative District