Terminology Flashcards
Interjection
Words used to express surprise, delight (eg wow!)
Low frequency words
uncommon or obscure words
High frequency word
common words
Grapheme
a letter/symbol
Lexeme
single word or short phrase. also known as a lexical item
Lexicon
the words a person uses (their vocabulary)
Semantics
the analysis of word meanings and the relations between them
denotation
literal meaning of a word
connotation
the metaphorical/figurative meaning of a word
etymology
the study of the origin of words and the way their meanings have changed throughout history
loan words
words taken from other languages and not changed. also known as borrowings
neologism
new word, meaning or phrase
coinage
the invention of a new word/phrase
paralanguage
everything besides the language that conveys meaning (eg facial expressions, eye contact etc)
pragmatics
actual intended meaning or implied meaning in context, using verbal and non verbal cues
discourse
written or spoken communication
pragmatic particle
word/phrase/grapheme used to fill gaps in discourse
tenor
implied relationship between text producer and text receiver
idiom
group of words with a common meaning that doesn’t relate to the literal meaning
phonology
sounds or combinations of sounds within a language
morphology
how words can change based on a specific sentence
figurative device
non literal rhetorical device (eg simile, metaphor)
figurative device
non literal rhetorical device (eg simile, metaphor)
exophoric reference
a reference to something outside the text
personal identity
elements of identity personal to an individual (eg creative, animal lover etc)
social identity
elements of identity that can be grouped or categorised by society (eg gender, age, ethnicity)
concrete noun
physical thing which can be observed and measured
abstract noun
abstract concepts which can’t be measured (sadness, thought etc)
common noun
common names for physical things
descriptive adjective
used to express size, colour or shape
evaluative adjective
used to express judgement or bias (eg good, bad, ugly etc)
comparative adjective
compares nouns (eg the ‘better’ object)
superlative adjective
used to compare three or more nouns (eg the ‘best’ object)
attributive adjective
adjectives that come before the noun
predicative adjective
adjective that comes after the noun
adjectival noun
a noun that describes another noun
mode
method of communication
audience
demographic and relationship between producer and receiver
field
subject matter
function
the purpose of the text
register
the formality of the text
dynamic verb
describes an action
stative verb
describes a state of being
modal verb
verb used with another verb to express ability/permission
primary / auxiliary verb
expresses tenses or voices, accompanied by a main verb. in english this is be, have and do
adverb of degree
intensifiers or diminutives (eg really)
adverb of manner
typical adverbs (eg quickly, quietly, happily etc)
adverb of frequency
shows frequency (eg daily, weekly, often)
convergence
strategies to reduce social differences and be closer to the reader
divergence
strategies to increase social differences (usually to enforce power)
non standard elements
grammatical ‘errors’ (eg not using capital letters)
information age
shift in the 21st century from traditional industry to computers
prosodic features
features that appear when we put sounds together in connected speech
non fluency features
features that disrupt the flow of speech (eg mistake corrections, fillers and pauses)
reflexive pronoun
preceded by the other word it refers (eg she will do it ‘herself’)
possessive pronoun
used to indicate that something belongs to someone (his, hers etc)
indefinite pronoun
refers to one or more unspecified objects (anyone, something etc)
relative pronoun
used to join together clauses (who, which etc)
demonstrative pronoun
used to point to something (this, that etc)
