terminology

Question 1

borrowing

Answer 1

taking words from other languages e.g. karaoke, pyjamas

Question 2

affixation

Answer 2

addition of bound morphemes to an existing word e.g. eco-friendly, -micro-biology, laughable

Question 3

compound

Answer 3

joining two words together e.g. laptop

Question 4

blend

Answer 4

two words fusing to form one e.g. smog, motel

Question 5

eponym

Answer 5

when a word is named after a person e.g. sandwich, hoover

Question 6

initialism

Answer 6

a word made up of the first letters of a phrase, individually pronounced e.g. FBI, CBA

Question 7

coinage/neologism

Answer 7

creation of new words

Question 8

back-formation

Answer 8

the removal of a part of a word e.g. editor/edit

Question 9

narrowing

Answer 9

when the meaning of a word becomes more specific

Question 10

broadening

Answer 10

when a word takes on additional new meanings e.g. friend, mouse

Question 11

amelioration

Answer 11

when the meaning of a word becomes more positive e.g. wicked

Question 12

pejoration

Answer 12

when the meaning of a word becomes more negative e.g. bitch

Question 13

euphamism

Answer 13

a way of describing something unpleasant or taboo in a more pleasant or less offensive manner e.g. down-sizing = sacking staff, passed away = died

Question 14

semantic shift

Answer 14

when a word acquires a new meaning

Question 15

functional conversion

Answer 15

changing of word class e.g. noun to verb ‘text’

Question 16

diachronic change

Answer 16

study of language at two different times over time

Question 17

syntactical parallelism

Answer 17

using the same verb clause in a sentence e.g. by example, by encouragement, and by holding..’

Question 18

deontic modality

Answer 18

according to a set of rules or desires e.g. should, could

Question 19

epistemic modality

Answer 19

according to evidence or reasoning

Question 20

orthographical convention

Answer 20

a set of conventions for writing a language, including norms of spelling, hyphenation, capitalisation, word boundaries, emphasis, and punctuation.

Question 21

graphological convention

Answer 21

the visual appearance of language. this includes the layout, font, use of colour, and anything else that affects the way we see words visually represented.