Terminology

Question 1

define ischemia and give an example

Answer 1

lack of blood flow to specific part of body, leading to reduced oxygen and nutrient supply to that area. eg. heart attack

Question 2

define paresthesia

Answer 2

abnormal sensations like tingling or numbness without a clear cause

Question 3

hepatic vein

Answer 3

returns blood from liver to heart

Question 4

hepatic artery

Answer 4

supplies O2 rich blood from heart to liver

Question 5

portal vein

Answer 5

carries nutrient-rich blood from the digestive tract to liver

Question 6

GI tract veins

Answer 6

transport absorbed nutrients to portal vein

Question 7

liver

Answer 7

receives nutrients from digestive tract, processes them for distribution across body

Question 8

biliary system

Answer 8

includes gallbladder, bile ducts which conducts bile from liver to gallbladder to intestines

Question 9

serum bilirubin

Answer 9

bilirubin- substance produced during normal breakdown of RBCs, passes through liver and excreted in stool

Question 10

urine bilirubin

Answer 10

in liver disease- can leak into blood and urine

Question 11

Alanine transaminase (ALT)

Answer 11

enzyme found in liver, converts proteins into energy for liver cells

Question 12

aspartate transaminase (AST)

Answer 12

enzyme that helps metabolize AA

Question 13

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)

Answer 13

enzyme found in liver and bone- important for breaking down proteins

Question 14

prothrombin time

Answer 14

time it takes your blood to clot; increased PT indicate liver dmg

Question 15

International normalized ratio (INR)

Answer 15

blood test tells you how long it takes for your blood to clot

Question 16

GGT

Answer 16

gamma-glutamyl transferase; enzyme found in liver; test to see liver conditions

Question 17

hepatitis

Answer 17

inflammation of the liver caused by virus, bacteria, toxin, obstruction, parasite

Question 18

alcohol liver disease

Answer 18

form of toxic liver injury related to chronic ethanol consumption

Question 19

steatohepatitis

Answer 19

non-alcoholic cause (NASH); form of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Question 20

ascites

Answer 20

excess fluid in abdominal cavity

Question 21

cirrhosis

Answer 21

replacement of functional hepatocytes by fibrotic cells; scarring of liver

Question 22

meld scoring

Answer 22

scoring system to determine eligibility for transplant

Question 23

varices

Answer 23

extremely dilated bulging veins due to high pressure

Question 24

hepatic encephalopathy (HE)

Answer 24

syndrome of impaired mental status & abnormal neuromuscular function resulting from liver failure

Question 25

sarcopenia

Answer 25

loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength

Question 26

oral preparatory phase

Answer 26

chewing, form bolus

Question 27

oral transit phase

Answer 27

food bolus moved to back of mouth via tongue

Question 28

pharyngeal phase

Answer 28

food enters upper throat, soft palate elevates, epiglottis closes off trachea

Question 29

esophageal phase

Answer 29

food enters esophagus and propelled to stomach

Question 30

oropharyngeal dysphagia

Answer 30

"high"; difficulty moving food to back of mouth and begin swallowing process

Question 31

esophageal dysphagia

Answer 31

"low"; food/liquid stops in esophagus

Question 32

What does IDDSI stand for?

Answer 32

international dysphagia diet standardization initiative

Question 33

gyri

Answer 33

peaks of brain

Question 34

sulci

Answer 34

grooves of brain

Question 35

frontal lobe

Answer 35

thinking, planning, emotion

Question 36

parietal lobe

Answer 36

sensory- pain, touch, taste, temperature, pressure

Question 37

temporal lobe

Answer 37

hearing, auditory functions, role in memory and emotions

Question 38

occipital lobe

Answer 38

processes visual info

Question 39

cascading effect

Answer 39

once one neuron dies, those around it may be affected and die too

Question 40

brain plasticity

Answer 40

ability of other neurons to take on function of dead neurons

Question 41

spinal cord injury (SCI)

Answer 41

injury to spinal cord involving fracture, compression of vertebrae with consequent dmg to nerve cells

Question 42

decubitus ulcers

Answer 42

pressure ulcers/bed sores

Question 43

stroke

Answer 43

sudden disruption of blood flow to brain;