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Veterinary Neuroanatomy: Clinical Approach > Terminology > Flashcards

Terminology Flashcards

1
Q

Ganglia

A

Collection of nerve cell bodies with similar functions located outside the CNS

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2
Q

Nuclei

A

Collection of nerve cell bodies, with similar functions, located inside the CNS

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3
Q

Pathway

A

Sequential tracts separated by synapses that are all involved in one neural function (ex: visual pathway)

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4
Q

Tract

A

Collection of neurons with the same function that originate together and terminate together and do NOT synapse en route (ex: spinothalamic tract)

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5
Q

UMN

A

Neurons confined to the CNS that are associated with motor function

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6
Q

LMN

A

Neurons with cell body in CNS and axon leaves CNS in a cranial or spinal nerve to synapse via NMJ with striated, smooth, or cardiac muscle

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7
Q

Dendrites

A

Processes of neurons that receive information

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8
Q

Axons

A

Convey efferent information as action potentials/nerve impulses
- myelinated or unmyelinated

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9
Q

The ______ roots convey primarily sensory nerve fibers into the spinal cord

A

Dorsal

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10
Q

Each dorsal root contains a ________, housing neuronal cell bodies of sensory fibers

A

Spinal ganglion (or dorsal root ganglion)

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11
Q

The _____ roots convey primarily motor nerve fibers away from the spinal cord

A

Ventral

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12
Q

Motor fibers are _____ and innervate striated muscle or ______ and innervate smooth or cardiac muscle

A

Somatic; autonomic

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13
Q

Dermatome

A

Area of skin innervated by a spinal nerve

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14
Q

Cutaneous zone

A

Area of skin innervated by a specific named nerve which originates from 2 or more spinal nerves

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15
Q

Autonomous zones

A

Area of skin innervated by one nerve

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16
Q

Autonomous zones in thoracic limb

A
  • Musculocutaneous n. - medial aspect of antebrachium
  • Radial n. - Dorsal aspect of digits 2, 3, 4
  • Ulnar n. - Lateral aspect of digit 5
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17
Q

Autonomous zones in pelvic limb

A
  • Saphenous n. - medial aspect of crus
  • Fibular n. - dorsal aspect of digits 2, 3, 4
  • Tibial n. - plantar aspect of digits 3, 4
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18
Q

UMNs influence activity of _______

A

LMNs
“Managers of motor system”

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19
Q

Neurotransmitter that connects electrical activity of motor nerve to striated muscle is ______

A

Acetylcholine

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20
Q

Parasympathetic system arises from the ______ and ______

A

Brainstem and sacral spinal cord
“Craniosacral system”

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21
Q

Sympathetic system arises from the ______

A

Thoracolumbar spinal cord
“Thoracolumbar system”

22
Q

Sulcus limitans

A

Small, transverse fissure located laterally in walls of central canal of spinal cord –> extends rostrally into brainstem
- arose during development and demarcates dorsal sensory (alar plate) from ventral motor (basal plate)

23
Q

Dorsal horn is located in the _____ and functions in ______

A

Gray matter; sensory

24
Q

Intermediate horn is located in the _________ and functions in _____

A

Gray matter of thoracolumbar and sacral segments; autonomic

25
Q

Ventral horn is located in the _______ and functions in

A

Gray matter; motor

26
Q

Dorsal funiculus is located in the _____ and functions in _____

A

White matter; cranially projecting sensory (proprioceptive, tactile, nociception), bidirectional, intraspinal connections

27
Q

Lateral funiculus is located in the _____ and functions in ________

A

White matter; cranially projecting sensory (proprioceptive, tactile, nociception, thermal), caudally projecting motor facilitating flexor muscle, bidirectional, intraspinal connections

28
Q

Ventral funiculus is located in the ______ and functions in _____

A

White matter; caudally projecting motor facilitating extensor muscle, some cranially projecting sensory (nociceptive), bidirectional, intraspinal connections

29
Q

6 components of the cranium

A
  • Frontal
  • Parietal
  • Occipital
  • Temporal
  • Ethmoid
  • Sphenoid
30
Q

Telencephalon

A

Paired cerebral hemispheres (forebrain)
- reception/processing of sensory input, information integration, voluntary motor control, memory, behavior

31
Q

Diencephalon

A

Forebrain
- thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus, epithalamus, metathalamus

32
Q

Functions of diencephalon

A
  • relay center for information entering cerebrum
  • alertness/awareness
  • autonomic regulatory control
33
Q

Mesencephalon

A

Midbrain - rostral cerebellum
Dorsal aspect - tectum
Ventral aspect - cerebral peduncle (tegmentum, substantia nigra, crus cerebri)

34
Q

Mesencephalon function

A

MUN nuclei
- cranially projecting sensory input from limbs/body/head
- caudally projecting motor output from forebrain
- arousal
- reflex function for hearing and vision

35
Q

Metencephalon

A

Pons and cerebellum
- ventral - pons
- dorsal - cerebellum

36
Q

Metencephalon function

A

Pons: UMN nuclei
- craniall projecting sensory input
- caudally projecting motor output
Cerebellum: coordination of motor

37
Q

Myelencephalon

A

Medulla oblongata (caudal brainstem)

38
Q

Myelencephalon function

A

UMN nuclei
- cranially sensory input
- caudally motor output
- arousal
- main cardiovascular and respiratory control centers

39
Q

The thalamus is the ______ to the cerebrum

A

Gateway
- sorts all information from the brainstem

40
Q

Gray matter of the cerebrum is located superficially and deep in the following areas:

A
  • hippocampus
  • basal nuclei
  • septal nuclei
41
Q

Frontal lobe

A
  • location: deep to frontal bone, rostral 1/3 of hemisphere
  • function: motor cortex, planning actions, movement
42
Q

Parietal lobe

A
  • location: deep to parietal bone, dorsal midline strip caudal to frontal bone extending 1/3 of the way down lateral aspect
  • function: somatosensory cortex, cognitive association areas involved in perceiving sensory input
43
Q

Temporal lobe

A
  • location: deep to temporal bone, ventrolateral mid portion of cerebral hemispheres
  • function: audition, limbic system, learning and memory
44
Q

Occipital lobe

A
  • location: deep to occipital bone, caudal 1/3 of hemispheres
  • function: vision, cognitive association
45
Q

Rhinencephalon

A
  • location: ventrolateral aspect of each hemisphere, ventral to lateral rhinal sulcus and dorsal to sphenoid bones and caudal to ethmoid bone –> includes olfactory bulb, piriform lobe, hippocampus
  • function: olfaction, limbic system, learning, memory
46
Q

Short association fibers

A

Connect within a lobe between adjacent gyri

47
Q

Long association fibers

A

Connect between lobes within the same hemisphere

48
Q

Commissural fibers

A

Connect across midline between hemispheres

49
Q

Main commissural fibers

A

Corpus callosum - found at base of longitudinal fissures

50
Q

Projection fibers

A

connect between hemispheres and brainstem
- corticopetal and corticofugal projection fibers enter and leave cerebrum respectively via internal capsule

Veterinary Neuroanatomy: Clinical Approach (2 decks)

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