terminology

Question 1

Access controls

Answer 1

Rules and techniques used to manage and restrict entry to or exit from a physical,
virtual or digital area through the use of permissions

Question 2

Advanced persistent threats

Answer 2

A set of tactics used by hackers to infiltrate networks and then leave
malicious software in place for as long as possible

Question 3

Anchoring heuristic

Answer 3

The human tendency to accept and rely on, the first piece of information
received before making a decision. That first piece of information is the anchor and sets the tone for
everything that follows

Question 4

Anti-malware / anti-virus

Answer 4

Computer program that is designed to look for specific
behaviours/signatures that indicate the presence of malicious software

Question 5

Availability heuristic

Answer 5

= A mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to a given
person’s mind when evaluating a specific topic, concept, method or decision

Question 6

Backdoor

Answer 6

= A covert method of accessing software or a device that bypasses normal authentication
requirements

Question 7

Barnum effect (heuristic)

Answer 7

The phenomenon that occurs when individuals believe that personality
descriptions apply specifically to them (more so than to other people), despite the fact that the
description is actually filled with information that applies to everyone. They are vague and general
statements

Question 8

Bias

Answer 8

A strong inclination of the mind or a preconceived opinion about something or someone

Question 9

Black hat

Answer 9

A hacker with unethical or illegal objectives

Question 10

Botnet

Answer 10

= A connected set of programs designed to operate together over a network. Usually a
network of private computers infected with malicious software and controlled as a group without
the owners’ knowledge

Question 11

Brutal force attack

Answer 11

= A systematic approach to quickly generate large amounts of passwords to gain
unauthorised access to a system

Question 12

Change blindness (heuristic)

Answer 12

A perceptual phenomenon that occurs when a change in a visual
stimulus is introduced and the observer does not notice it (e.g., turning a picture off and back on and
not noticing that the person in the corner wasn’t there before)

Question 13

Cipher

Answer 13

The use of a key to change information into a secret or hidden format

Question 14

Cognitive dissonance (bias)

Answer 14

The discomfort experienced when two cognitions are incompatible
with each other (a cognition is a piece of knowledge, such as a: thought, attitude or personal value)

Question 15

Confirmation bias

Answer 15

Seeking to confirm your existing beliefs

Question 16

Search bias

Answer 16

Only searching for information that adds to what you already believe

Question 17

Truth bias

Answer 17

Automatically assuming people are telling the truth (to make life easier)

Question 18

Conformity (bias)

Answer 18

Going with the flow of the majority (for example due to social pressure or being
unwilling to have a leading role)

Question 19

Burst the ‘bubble’

Answer 19

Stepping out of the group think, which may lead to others stepping out
too

Question 20

Cryptoanalysis

Answer 20

Examining ciphered info to determine how to circumvent the technique used to
enforce or hide

Question 21

Cryptocurrency

Answer 21

A digital currency that makes use of encryption to generate and secure confidence
in the units that are traded

Question 22

CSMA/CD=

Answer 22

Carrier-sense multiple access with collision detection. (Imagine that everyone in a Teams
call would randomly start saying stuff unmuted. What CSMA/CD does is like making sure those
packets don’t collide with each other)

Question 23

Cyber security=

Answer 23

The protection of digital devices, data, networks and systems to keep them stable,
dependable and reasonably safe from danger or threat (intentional exploits / cyber attacks)

Question 24

Cyberspace

Answer 24

Cyberspace is composed of all the computerized networks in the world, as well as of all computerized end points (including telecommunications networks, special purpose networks, the internet, computer systems, and computer-based systems). The concept also includes the information stored, processed, and transmitted on the devices and between these networks

Question 25

Dark Web

Answer 25

Websites that hide their server locations. The hidden server values make it difficult to
determine who are what are behind these sites