Terminology

Question 1

antibiotic (antimicrobial)

Answer 1

drug that treats or prevents infections by bacteria by killing them or slowing their growth

Question 2

spectrum

Answer 2

range of different bacteria that a drug can kill or inhibit from growing

narrow (1), broad (>1), extended (narrow->broad)

Question 3

bacteriostatic

Answer 3

arrests growth and replication of bacteria and requires body’s immune system to clear out bacteria

protein synthesis inhibitors, folate antagonists

Question 4

bactericidal

Answer 4

kills bacteria

cell wall synthesis inhibitors, quinolones

Question 5

resistance

Answer 5

bacteria which are not affected by antibiotics

mostly commonly plasmid transfer for beta-lactamase enzyme (-ase)

causes: mutation (spontaneous 1 in 1016), adaptation (coat, transport sys, incr metabolism), gene transfer (plasmids, transposons)

Question 6

adverse effects

Answer 6

negative results from taking drugs

allergic (imm sys resp), toxic (side effects), idiosyncratic (unrelated)

also “alterations in the normal body flora” which happens in the GI tract, superinfection (secondary infection when resistant bacteria overtake GI tract)

Question 7

culture and sensitivity

Answer 7

test patient’s bodily fluid to isolate bacteria and determine appropriate antibiotic

Question 8

cell wall synthesis inhibitors

Answer 8

antibiotics that interfere with cell wall synthesis resulting in weakend walls and death

penicillins, cephalosporins, vancomycin, imipenem, aztreonam

Question 9

beta-lactamase inhibitors

Answer 9

clavulanic acid, sulbactam

Question 10

allergic reaction types

Answer 10

immediate <20m, accelerated 1-72hrs, late 72hrs-weeks

skin rashes to death

Question 11

protein synthesis inhibitors

Answer 11

antibiotic that disrupts the synthesis of DNA

aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, macrolides, ketolides, streptogamins, oxazolidinones, chloramphenical, clindamycin

Question 12

aminoglycosides

Answer 12

protein synthesis inhibitor that is bactericidal and broad-spectrum

ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, neuromuscular toxicity

generally end in -mycin

Question 13

tetracyclines

Answer 13

protein synthesis inhibitor that accumulates in bacteria cytoplasm via an energy-dependent transport system

don’t take with food or antacids; generally end with -cycline

side effects: teeth staining, bone growth retardation, photosensitivity

Question 14

macrolides

Answer 14

protein synthesis inhibitor with few serious side effects

erythromycin, azithromycin

generally end with -thromycin

Question 15

ketolides

Answer 15

protein synthesis inhibitor derived from macrolides

Question 16

streptogramins

Answer 16

protein synthesis inhibitor; dalfospristin and quinupristin

individually, bacterostatic; combined bactericidal

Question 17

oxazolidinones

Answer 17

protein synthesis inhibitor that interferes with translation

Question 18

chloramphenicol

Answer 18

protein synthesis inhibitor reserved for life-threatening infections because of serious side effects

Question 19

clindamycin

Answer 19

protein synthesis inhibitor that penetrates most tissues incl bones

Question 20

folate antagonists

Answer 20

antibiotic that interferes with folic acid synthesis

sulfamethoxazole which combines sulfonamide and trimethoprim

Question 21

quinolones, fluoroquinolones

Answer 21

antibiotic that inhibits DNA replication, specifically the gyrase enzyme which unwinds and supercoils DNA

broad-spectrum but has serious side effects

generally end with -floxacin

Question 22

cephalosporins

Answer 22

cell wall synthesis inhibitor

generally begin with cef-, ceph-

Question 23

penicillins

Answer 23

cell wall synthesis inhibitors

generally end with -cillin

Question 24

sulfonamides

Answer 24

folate synthesis inhibitor (antagonis) bacteriostatic

generally starts with sulfa-

Question 25

carbapenems

Answer 25

cell wall synthesis inhibitor

generally end with -penem

Question 26

lincosamides

Answer 26

protein synthesis inhibitor

clindamycin

generally end with -mycin

Question 27

glycopeptides

Answer 27

cell wall sythesis inhibitor

vancomycin

generally end with -in or -mycin