Terminology Flashcards
antibiotic (antimicrobial)
drug that treats or prevents infections by bacteria by killing them or slowing their growth
spectrum
range of different bacteria that a drug can kill or inhibit from growing
narrow (1), broad (>1), extended (narrow->broad)
bacteriostatic
arrests growth and replication of bacteria and requires body’s immune system to clear out bacteria
protein synthesis inhibitors, folate antagonists
bactericidal
kills bacteria
cell wall synthesis inhibitors, quinolones
resistance
bacteria which are not affected by antibiotics
mostly commonly plasmid transfer for beta-lactamase enzyme (-ase)
causes: mutation (spontaneous 1 in 1016), adaptation (coat, transport sys, incr metabolism), gene transfer (plasmids, transposons)
adverse effects
negative results from taking drugs
allergic (imm sys resp), toxic (side effects), idiosyncratic (unrelated)
also “alterations in the normal body flora” which happens in the GI tract, superinfection (secondary infection when resistant bacteria overtake GI tract)
culture and sensitivity
test patient’s bodily fluid to isolate bacteria and determine appropriate antibiotic
cell wall synthesis inhibitors
antibiotics that interfere with cell wall synthesis resulting in weakend walls and death
penicillins, cephalosporins, vancomycin, imipenem, aztreonam
beta-lactamase inhibitors
clavulanic acid, sulbactam
allergic reaction types
immediate <20m, accelerated 1-72hrs, late 72hrs-weeks
skin rashes to death
protein synthesis inhibitors
antibiotic that disrupts the synthesis of DNA
aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, macrolides, ketolides, streptogamins, oxazolidinones, chloramphenical, clindamycin
aminoglycosides
protein synthesis inhibitor that is bactericidal and broad-spectrum
ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, neuromuscular toxicity
generally end in -mycin
tetracyclines
protein synthesis inhibitor that accumulates in bacteria cytoplasm via an energy-dependent transport system
don’t take with food or antacids; generally end with -cycline
side effects: teeth staining, bone growth retardation, photosensitivity
macrolides
protein synthesis inhibitor with few serious side effects
erythromycin, azithromycin
generally end with -thromycin
ketolides
protein synthesis inhibitor derived from macrolides
streptogramins
protein synthesis inhibitor; dalfospristin and quinupristin
individually, bacterostatic; combined bactericidal
oxazolidinones
protein synthesis inhibitor that interferes with translation
chloramphenicol
protein synthesis inhibitor reserved for life-threatening infections because of serious side effects
clindamycin
protein synthesis inhibitor that penetrates most tissues incl bones
folate antagonists
antibiotic that interferes with folic acid synthesis
sulfamethoxazole which combines sulfonamide and trimethoprim
quinolones, fluoroquinolones
antibiotic that inhibits DNA replication, specifically the gyrase enzyme which unwinds and supercoils DNA
broad-spectrum but has serious side effects
generally end with -floxacin
cephalosporins
cell wall synthesis inhibitor
generally begin with cef-, ceph-
penicillins
cell wall synthesis inhibitors
generally end with -cillin
sulfonamides
folate synthesis inhibitor (antagonis) bacteriostatic
generally starts with sulfa-
carbapenems
cell wall synthesis inhibitor
generally end with -penem
lincosamides
protein synthesis inhibitor
clindamycin
generally end with -mycin
glycopeptides
cell wall sythesis inhibitor
vancomycin
generally end with -in or -mycin
