Terminology Flashcards
What can bones inform us about?
Bones and teeth inform us about: Sex, age, stature. Biological affinities, behavior, and disease.
Tissues and cells of the skeleton
Tissues: Cartilage; Dentine, Enamel, Bone
Cells: osteoblast, chondroblasts, osteoclasts, etc.
Chondroblast
Cartilage, makes or deposits
Osteocytes
A bone cell, formed when an osteoblast becomes embedded in the matrix it has secreted.
Dentine
hard dense bony tissue forming the bulk of a tooth, beneath the enamel
Osteoclasts
a large multinucleate bone cell which absorbs bone tissue during growth and healing.
Osteoblast
a cell that secretes the matrix for bone formation.
How many sets of skeletons to vertebrates have?
They have 2 dianthus sets endoskeleton and exoskeleton
What is a vertebrate?
an animal of a large group distinguished by the possession of a backbone or spinal column, including mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes
neurocranium
the upper and back part of the skull, which forms a protective case around the brain.
Vertebra
the series of small bones forming the backbone
appendicular skeleton
the upper and lower extremities, which include the shoulder girdle and pelvis
Endoskeleton
an internal skeleton, such as the bony or cartilaginous skeleton of vertebrates.
Exoskeleton
a rigid external covering for the body providing both support and protection. skull roofs, teeth, scales, fin rays, etc)
Intramembranous ossification
During intramembranous ossification in the skull, neural crest-derived mesenchymal cells proliferate and condense into compact nodules.
Mesenchymal
Multi potent stromatolites cells that can differentiate into a variety of cell types. Including osteoblast, chondrocytes, etc
Evolution of the human skeleton
Neural crest cells migrate from dorsal neuroectoderm and organize the facial development in vertebrate embryos. Colors highlights regions of the developing and adult face that correspond to different neural crest populations along the posterior axis
Cranial neural crest cells
Craniofacial skeleton. Derived from the early exoskeleton
Paraxial
situated alongside, or on each side of, an axis, especially the central axis of the body.
mesodermal cells
limbs (appendicular)
Lateral plate
the mesoderm that is found at the periphery of the embryo.
Subchondral Bone
The layer of bone just below the cartilage in a joint.
cancellous
denoting bone tissue with a meshlike structure containing many pores, typical of the interior of mature bones.
Types of bones?
Flat bones, long bones, short bones, irregular bones, sesamiod bones,
Flat bones?
Flat Bones • Extensive surfaces for protection or muscle
attachments • Skull, scapulae, and pelvic girdle
Diaphysis
shaft, develops from
primary center
Metaphysis
flared end of the shaft
Epiphyses
end, develops from
secondary center
Long Bones
Involved in weight bearing and movement
Short Bones
Hand bones, feet, not a lot of mobility a lot of stability
Irregular bones
Vertebrae, sphenoid
Thin layer of compact bone and a lot of spongy bone
Sesamoid bones
Develop within a muscle or a tendon • Act as pulley that decrease stress
Morphogenesis
embryonic skeleton is
formed
Bone growth &
development
Skeletal development can be sequentially
divided into morphogenesis and growth
First Developmental Stages in Skeletogenensis
- Cranial Neural Crest
- Cranio-Facial Skeleton
- Embryonic Cell Lineages
4.Axial Skeleton
5.Paraxial Mesoderm Cells
6.Lateral Plate Mesoderm Cells
7.Appendicular Skeleton
Intramembraneous Ossification
(a) Mesenchymal cells group into clusters (condensations), and ossification centers form. (b) Secreted osteoid traps osteoblasts, which then become osteocytes.
lamella
a thin layer, membrane, or plate of tissue, especially in bone
Ontogeny
changes that occur during growth and development.
Sex
humans are moderately sexually dimorphic in size & shape.
Geographic or population based
many groups vary in skeletal and dental
characteristics. These differences are commonly used to determine the
affinity between individuals/populations based on skeletal remains
Chondrocytes
Mature cartilage cells that help maintain cartilage structure
Chondroclasts
mature osteoclasts which are capable of cartilage, matrix, and resorption.
Cartilage types
3; 1. Hyaline, 2. Elastic, 3. Fibrous
Planes of Reference
Sagittal: Divides body in halves (right/ left)
Coronal: divides the body anterior and posterior
Transverse: divides the body into proximal and distal
Superior
Towards the head
• Cranial
Inferior
Away from the head
• Caudal
Anterior
Towards the front
• Ventral
Posterior
Towards the back
• Dorsal
Medial
Towards the midline
Lateral
Away from the midline
Proximal
nearest to the axial skeleton
Distal
away from the axial skeleton
External
outer
Internal
inside
Endocranial
Endocranial
Ectocranial
outer surface of the cranial vault
Intrinsic
Internal/ inside
Extrinsic
External/Outside
Subcutaneous
Below the skin
Palmar
palm side of the hand.
Plantar
sole of the foot.
Dorsal
top of the foot and back of the
hand.
Supination
Thumb away from body ( proper body position way)
Pronation
Thumb towards the body
Articulations
Areas/surfaces where two
bones come in contact with one another
Projections
area of the bone that elevates
above its main surface
Depressions
Area of the bone that sinks
below its main surface
Landmark
specific location/point
Middle of eyebrows
Feature
Conventional labels for attributes, aspects, or parts
Actually eyebrow
