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Osteology > Terminology > Flashcards

Terminology Flashcards

1
Q

What can bones inform us about?

A

Bones and teeth inform us about: Sex, age, stature. Biological affinities, behavior, and disease.

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2
Q

Tissues and cells of the skeleton

A

Tissues: Cartilage; Dentine, Enamel, Bone

Cells: osteoblast, chondroblasts, osteoclasts, etc.

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3
Q

Chondroblast

A

Cartilage, makes or deposits

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4
Q

Osteocytes

A

A bone cell, formed when an osteoblast becomes embedded in the matrix it has secreted.

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5
Q

Dentine

A

hard dense bony tissue forming the bulk of a tooth, beneath the enamel

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6
Q

Osteoclasts

A

a large multinucleate bone cell which absorbs bone tissue during growth and healing.

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7
Q

Osteoblast

A

a cell that secretes the matrix for bone formation.

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8
Q

How many sets of skeletons to vertebrates have?

A

They have 2 dianthus sets endoskeleton and exoskeleton

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9
Q

What is a vertebrate?

A

an animal of a large group distinguished by the possession of a backbone or spinal column, including mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes

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10
Q

neurocranium

A

the upper and back part of the skull, which forms a protective case around the brain.

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11
Q

Vertebra

A

the series of small bones forming the backbone

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12
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

the upper and lower extremities, which include the shoulder girdle and pelvis

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13
Q

Endoskeleton

A

an internal skeleton, such as the bony or cartilaginous skeleton of vertebrates.

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14
Q

Exoskeleton

A

a rigid external covering for the body providing both support and protection. skull roofs, teeth, scales, fin rays, etc)

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15
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

During intramembranous ossification in the skull, neural crest-derived mesenchymal cells proliferate and condense into compact nodules.

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16
Q

Mesenchymal

A

Multi potent stromatolites cells that can differentiate into a variety of cell types. Including osteoblast, chondrocytes, etc

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17
Q

Evolution of the human skeleton

A

Neural crest cells migrate from dorsal neuroectoderm and organize the facial development in vertebrate embryos. Colors highlights regions of the developing and adult face that correspond to different neural crest populations along the posterior axis

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18
Q

Cranial neural crest cells

A

Craniofacial skeleton. Derived from the early exoskeleton

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19
Q

Paraxial

A

situated alongside, or on each side of, an axis, especially the central axis of the body.

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20
Q

mesodermal cells

A

limbs (appendicular)

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21
Q

Lateral plate

A

the mesoderm that is found at the periphery of the embryo.

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22
Q

Subchondral Bone

A

The layer of bone just below the cartilage in a joint.

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23
Q

cancellous

A

denoting bone tissue with a meshlike structure containing many pores, typical of the interior of mature bones.

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24
Q

Types of bones?

A

Flat bones, long bones, short bones, irregular bones, sesamiod bones,

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25
Q

Flat bones?

A

Flat Bones • Extensive surfaces for protection or muscle
attachments • Skull, scapulae, and pelvic girdle

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26
Q

Diaphysis

A

shaft, develops from
primary center

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27
Q

Metaphysis

A

flared end of the shaft

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28
Q

Epiphyses

A

end, develops from
secondary center

29
Q

Long Bones

A

Involved in weight bearing and movement

30
Q

Short Bones

A

Hand bones, feet, not a lot of mobility a lot of stability

31
Q

Irregular bones

A

Vertebrae, sphenoid
Thin layer of compact bone and a lot of spongy bone

32
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

Develop within a muscle or a tendon • Act as pulley that decrease stress

33
Q

Morphogenesis

A

embryonic skeleton is
formed

34
Q

Bone growth &
development

A

Skeletal development can be sequentially
divided into morphogenesis and growth

35
Q

First Developmental Stages in Skeletogenensis

A
  1. Cranial Neural Crest
  2. Cranio-Facial Skeleton
  3. Embryonic Cell Lineages
    4.Axial Skeleton
    5.Paraxial Mesoderm Cells
    6.Lateral Plate Mesoderm Cells
    7.Appendicular Skeleton
36
Q

Intramembraneous Ossification

A

(a) Mesenchymal cells group into clusters (condensations), and ossification centers form. (b) Secreted osteoid traps osteoblasts, which then become osteocytes.

37
Q

lamella

A

a thin layer, membrane, or plate of tissue, especially in bone

38
Q

Ontogeny

A

changes that occur during growth and development.

39
Q

Sex

A

humans are moderately sexually dimorphic in size & shape.

40
Q

Geographic or population based

A

many groups vary in skeletal and dental
characteristics. These differences are commonly used to determine the
affinity between individuals/populations based on skeletal remains

41
Q

Chondrocytes

A

Mature cartilage cells that help maintain cartilage structure

42
Q

Chondroclasts

A

mature osteoclasts which are capable of cartilage, matrix, and resorption.

43
Q

Cartilage types

A

3; 1. Hyaline, 2. Elastic, 3. Fibrous

44
Q

Planes of Reference

A

Sagittal: Divides body in halves (right/ left)
Coronal: divides the body anterior and posterior
Transverse: divides the body into proximal and distal

45
Q

Superior

A

Towards the head
• Cranial

46
Q

Inferior

A

Away from the head
• Caudal

47
Q

Anterior

A

Towards the front
• Ventral

48
Q

Posterior

A

Towards the back
• Dorsal

49
Q

Medial

A

Towards the midline

50
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline

51
Q

Proximal

A

nearest to the axial skeleton

52
Q

Distal

A

away from the axial skeleton

53
Q

External

A

outer

54
Q

Internal

A

inside

55
Q

Endocranial

A

Endocranial

56
Q

Ectocranial

A

outer surface of the cranial vault

57
Q

Intrinsic

A

Internal/ inside

58
Q

Extrinsic

A

External/Outside

59
Q

Subcutaneous

A

Below the skin

60
Q

Palmar

A

palm side of the hand.

61
Q

Plantar

A

sole of the foot.

62
Q

Dorsal

A

top of the foot and back of the
hand.

63
Q

Supination

A

Thumb away from body ( proper body position way)

64
Q

Pronation

A

Thumb towards the body

65
Q

Articulations

A

Areas/surfaces where two
bones come in contact with one another

66
Q

Projections

A

area of the bone that elevates
above its main surface

67
Q

Depressions

A

Area of the bone that sinks
below its main surface

68
Q

Landmark

A

specific location/point
Middle of eyebrows

69
Q

Feature

A

Conventional labels for attributes, aspects, or parts
Actually eyebrow

Osteology (2 decks)

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