Terminology Flashcards
No elevation haircut; One length
0° or Blunt Haircut
Medium elevation haircut; wedge
45° Haircut or Graduated Haircut
A uniform elevation haircut that provides movement
90° or Uniform-Layered Haircut
A haircut with increased long layers
180° or Long-Layered Haircut
An immune response or reaction to substances that are usually not harmful
Allergy
Abnormal hair loss
Alopecia
Patchy loss of hair occurring on the scalp or other parts of the body
Alopecia Areata
Severe case of alopecia areata where balding occurs over the entire head
Alopecia Totalis
Severe case of alopecia areata where balding occurs over the entire body
Alopecia Universalis
Surfactants that are very mild and compatible with all other surfactants
Amphoteric
The period of active hair growth
Anagen
Male or female pattern baldness
Androgenic Alopecia
The space formed in between the point where two lines join; combination of two straight lines joined together, producing various effects and qualities
Angle
A shampoo with a detergent base that is inexpensive, but has excellent deep cleansing abilities, and is easily rinsed from the hair
Anionic
An agent that prevents or reduces infection by eliminating or decreasing the growth of microorganisms; it can be applied safely to the skin
Antiseptic
The highest point of the head
Apex
A small, involuntary muscle located along the side of the hair follicle that is responsible for goose bumps
Arrector Pili Muscle
Rod-shaped, spore-producing bacteria
Bacilli
One cell microorganisms
Bacteria
Equal in proportion
Balance
A technique that creates curved lines in a haircut by cutting ends with a slight increase or decrease in length
Beveling
Infectious pathogenic microorganisms that are present in human blood or bodily fluids and can cause disease in humans; these pathogens include Hepatitis B (HBV) and HIV
Bloodborne Pathogens
A localized infection caused by staphylococci bacteria; similar to a furuncle but larger
Carbuncle
A cutting technique where the still blade is placed into the hair and the shears are partially opened and closed while moving through the hair
Carving
The period of break down and change of hair growth
Catagen
A type of surfactant that removes dirt from the hair shaft and provides softness and moisture
Cationic
Consists of seven vertebrae (bones) that make up the portion of the spinal column located in the neck
Cervical Vertebrae
A texturizing technique that removes larger sections of hair; creates movement in a perimeter design line by breaking up the weighted line
Chunking
A procedure using detergent and water to eliminate contamination of surfaces, tools, and/or skin; eliminates unseen debris that interferes with disinfection
Cleaning
Hair has a large diameter or width and feels thick
Coarse Texture
Circular-shaped bacteria that produce pus and can cause strep throat and blood poisoning
Cocci
Haircuts using two or more degrees
Combination Haircuts
Means that infections or diseases can be transferred from one person to another by contact
Contagious/Communicable
The presence of unclean materials or tools left on a surface
Contamination
A tuft of hair that stands up with a strong directional growth pattern
Cowlick
Covers the top and sides of the head and consists of 6 bones
Cranium
Parting the haircut in the opposite direction from which it was cut, to check for precision of line and shape
Cross-Checking
The upper back of the head
Crown
The tough outer protective covering of the hair
Cuticle
The removal of any infectious materials on tools or surfaces by following all sanitation and disinfection guidelines
Decontamination
Clean tools with warm, soapy water; removing visible debris. Next submerge in EPA-registered disinfectant; Decontamination Method 1
Disinfecting
Clean tools with warm soapy water; remove visible debris. Next place tools in a high-pressure steam unit (autoclave); Decontamination Method 2
Sterilization
Water that has had the metal ions and/or impurities removed through ion exchange process; purified water
Deionized Water
The number of hair strands per square inch on the scalp
Density
Small, cone shaped elevation at the base of the hair follicle filled with blood vessels
Dermal Papillae
Slanting line between horizontal and vertical lines
Diagonal Line
The thickness of a hair strand
Diameter
Spherical-shaped bacteria that grow in pairs and cause pneumonia
Diplococci
Independent lines that normally do not blend; having a defined break in the design
Disconnected Lines
Bacterial invasion of the body that disrupts a normal function of health
Disease
Any abnormality of bodily function; services can be performed with special product recommendations
Disorder
The technique of cutting around the hairline to create a clean line or design within a haircut; outlining or etching
Edging
The degree or angle by which the hair is lifted and combed in relation to the head; degree or projection
Elevation
A tendon that connects the Occipitalis and the Frontalis
Epicranial Aponeuerosis
The complete scalp; the muscles, skin, and aponeurosis; covering the skull
Epicranium
The broad muscle formed by the joining of the Frontalis and Occipitalis; Occipito-frontalis
Epicranius
The applied science concerned with designing and arranging things that people use so both (people and things) interact most efficiently and safely
Ergonomics
When you come in contact with broken skin, body fluid, blood or any other potentially infectious items while at work
Exposure Incident
The outer or external part
Exterior
Hair that is naturally shed or gathered from a brush and/or comb
Fallen Hair
Separating water from its mineral substances, such as magnesium, iron, calcium, or organic matter; water passes through a “filter-type trap,” encasing some minerals or particles, therefore producing less-contaminated water
Filtration
Hair has a small diameter/width that feels thin
Fine Texture
When the hair is susceptible to breakage; brittle hair
Fragilitas Crinium
Forms the forehead; starts at the top of the eyes, extending to the beginning curve of the head
Frontal Bone
The muscle that encompasses the forehead and extends into the beginning curve of the scalp
Frontalis
Members of a large group of organisms that include microorganisms, such as yeasts, molds, and mildews
Fungi
Boil or abscess of the skin located in the hair follicle
Furuncle
The direction the hair grows from the scalp
Growth pattern
The first section of hair that is cut to serve as a guide to determine the length and/or shape
Guideline
The rounded, club-shaped part of the hair located at the end of the hair root
Hair Bulb
A tube-like depression or pocket in the skin that contains the hair root from which the hair will grow
Hair Follicle
Hair growing in the same direction; creates a natural part
Hair Stream
Remains unaltered and contains an amount of dissolved minerals, such as calcium and magnesium; ex: well water
Hard Water
The angle at which your guest’s head is held during a procedure
Head Position
Lines parallel to the floor; opposite of vertical
Horizontal Lines
Substances added to conditioners to help the hair retain moisture
Humectant
“Water-loving”; easily absorbs moisture and capable of combining with or attracting water
Hydrophilic
The body’s ability to fight or defend against infection and disease
Immunity
The invasion of body tissues by disease-causing bacteria (pathogenic bacteria) or viruses
Infection
The inner or internal part
Interior
A guide that is inside the haircut, not around the hairline or perimeter; this will create less weight and more softness to the perimeter
Interior Guideline
A strong fibrous protein; the building block for hair, skin, and nails
Keratin
The process of converting living skin into hard proteins
Keratinization
The soft, white, and downy hair found on the body; usually lacking a medulla; Vellus Hair
Lanugo Hair
Large, flat, triangular muscle covering the lower back; helps to extend the arm away from the body and rotate the shoulder
Latissimus Dorsi
The basic lines used in haircutting are straight and curved. There are three types of straight lines: horizontal, vertical, and diagonal. Each line represents various movement and design options. Also known as the Edge or Division of a Shape
Line(s) of Haircutting
“Oil-loving”; having an attraction to fat and oils
Lipophilic
A naturally occurring fungus, sometimes known as pityrosporum ovale
Malassezia
Hair has an average width and thickness
Medium Texture
Usually a white substance that grows on the surface of things in wet, warm conditions, but does not cause human infections on the skin
Mildew
Condition causing beaded hair; Hair is weak before each node and easily broken
Monilethrix
Self-movement
Motility
The section of the head from the occipital bone to the hairline
Nape
The direction in which the hair moves or falls on the head
Natural Distribution
Bacteria that are not harmful
Non-pathogenic
When an item is made or constructed of materials that are not permeable/penetrated by water, air, or other fluids
Nonporus
A texturizing technique similar to point cutting but the cutting is done toward the ends rather than into them, creating a chunking effect
Notch cutting
The bone that covers the back of the head and sits directly above the nape
Occipital Bone
The muscle located in the nape of the neck that draws the scalp back
Occipitalis
A haircutting technique that positions the palms of your hands facing each other; prevents hair from being lifted up off your hand and the hair from being pushed out the front of the shears
Palm-to-Palm
Consistently traveling in the same direction at an equal distance apart
Parallel Lines
Disease caused by parasites, such as lice and itch mites
Parasitic Disease
Two bones, one on each side of the head, that form the entire crown and top sides
Parietal Bone
Largest curve of the head; it separates the interior of the head from the exterior of the head
Parietal Ridge
Bacteria that are harmful and cause disease
Pathogenic
Condition caused by the infestation of the hair and scalp caused by the parasitic insect, head louse
Pediculosis Capitis
Dandruff; dry type of dandruff characterized by white, lightweight flakes that either attach to the scalp in clusters or are scattered loosely within hair and eventually fall to the shoulders
Pityriasis
A severe case of dandruff, distinguished by excessive amounts of waxy or greasy scales that accumulate on the scalp in crusts; Seborrheic Dermatitis
Pityriasis Steatoides
The muscle that extends from the tip of the chin to the shoulder and lowers the jaw and lip
Platysma
The texturizing technique using the tips of the shears to cut into the ends of the hair to create multiple lengths that will blend within the hair ends
Point Cutting
Period of temporary hair loss that typically occurs after childbirth
Postpartum Alopecia
A condition caused by a microscopic mite, know as the itch mite
Scabies
Glands that produce sebum, an oily substance that lubricates the skin or scalp
Sebaceous Glands
Dividing areas of hair that can be managed and controlled
Sections/Sectioning
Directing the hair out of its natural fall; over-directed
Shifted Distribution
The skeletal structure that makes up the head and face; encases the brain; divided into two areas: cranium and face
Skull
A texturizing technique using a sliding movement down the hairshaft; used to remove bulk and add mobility within the haircut or for blending and framing areas around the face; also called slicing
Slithering
Water where the mineral content is dissolved and removed; ex: rain water
Soft Water
A wedge-shaped bone that joins all the bones of the cranium
Sphenoid
A spiral-shaped or curved bacteria
Spirilla
A set of guidelines published by the CDC that require an employer and employee to assume that all human blood and body fluids are infectious
Standard Precautions
Bacterial cells which form in clusters, like grapes, are pus-forming causing abscesses, pustules and boils
Staphylococci
A fixed guideline that does not move
Stationary Guideline
Long muscle that stretches from the back of the ear, along the side of the neck to the collar bone. It lowers and rotates the head.
Sternocleidomastoideus
Bacterial cells that grow in curved lines shaped into chains and may cause abscesses, pustules, and boils; cause infections such as blood poisoning and strep throat
Streptococci
A surface active agent or wetting agent that has the ability to dissolve in water and remove dirt from surfaces, such as hair; the ingredient in shampoo that causes lather
Surfactant
A cutting technique that blends hair from a shorter length at the perimeter to a longer length as it moves up the head; fading
Tapering
Resting phase of hair growth
Telogen
Premature or sudden hair loss
Telogen Effluvium
Two bones are on each side of the head that forms the lower side of the head
Temporal Bone
The temple muscle located above and in front of the ear that helps in opening and closing the mouth, as in chewing
Temporalis
Application of pressure applied while combing and holding the hair prior to cutting
Tension
Pigmented hair on the body
Terminal Hair
The diameter or width, quality, feel, and arrangement of individual hair strands within the overall hair structure; textures are described as fine, medium, and coarse
Texture
Techniques that help to blend lines or remove excess bulk without changing the shape of the haircut
Texturizing
A contagious condition caused by a fungal parasite; the technical term for Ringworm
Tinea
A superficial fungal infection that commonly affects the skin; the technical term for Barber’s Itch
Tinea Barbae
Fungal infection of the skin and scalp, characterized by red papules or spots at the opening of the hair follicle
Tinea Capitis
A fungal infection of the scalp, characterized by a pink scalp with thick, whitish-yellow crusts known as scutula, which tend to have a slight odor; Honeycomb Ringworm
Tinea Favosa
Hair loss through repetitive and excessive pulling or stretching of the hair
Traction Alopecia
Flat, triangular muscles that run from the upper back to the back of the neck
Trapezius
A guideline that moves around or passes from one section to another
Traveling Guideline
The study of hair and its diseases and disorders
Trichology
When hair ends are dried out and damaged by overexposure to heating tools, weather elements, and/or chemical services; split ends
Trichoptilosis
Bulges along the hair shaft; brittleness and breakage can occur at the node; also known as knotted hair
Trichorrehexis Nodosa
A line that extends straight up from the floor; opposite of horizontal
Vertical Line
A submicroscopic, parasitic particle that causes disease
Virus
Concentration of hair within an area that gives the appearance of heaviness and density
Weight Line
Circular growth pattern; use special considerations when cutting
Whorl
0 to 6.9 on the pH scale
Acid
7.1 to 14 on the pH scale
Alkaline
Used to neutralize acids or raise the pH. May be used in place of ammonia because they create less odor
Alkanolamines
A gas with a strong odor, made up of nitrogen and hydrogen
Ammonia
Small compounds found in permanent haircolor; also known as uncolored dye precursors
Aniline Derivatives
The smallest chemical part of an element
Atom
The medical term for grey hair; the result of a gradual decline in melanin
Canities
A substance used in, or produced by, the process of chemistry
Chemical
The science that deals with the composition, structures, and properties of matter and how matter changes under different chemical conditions
Chemistry
A support tool for the Law of Color to visually show how all colors are created
Color Wheel
The rapid oxidation of a substance, accompanied by the production of heat and light
Combustion
Colors located opposite of each other on the color wheel
Complementary Colors
A chemical combination of two or more atoms from different elements
Compound Molecules/Compounds
A product used to make another product more intense, vibrant, stronger, or purer
Concentrate
The middle layer of hair, made up of elongated cells containing melanin and keratin
Cortex
The protective, outermost layer of hair
Cuticle
The technique of removing natural haircolor or artificial haircolor from the hair
Decolorization
Deposits or adds color to existing haircolor; however, it does not lighten the hair
Demi-Permanent Haircolor
Oxidizing agent added to haircolor or lightener that assists in the development process; manufactured in various strengths, known as volumes or percentages; also known as catalyst or hydrogen peroxide
Developer
Utilizing two or more haircolors and/or techniques to create depth, movement, and shape
Dimensional Haircolor
A two-step technique involving lightening of the hair, followed by application of toner to achieve desired haircolor
Double Process Haircolor
A concentrated haircolor used to increase the ability of a haircolor to neutralize unwanted warmth
Drabber
Particles in an atom that have a negative charge
Electron
The simplest form of matter; cannot be broken down into a simpler substance
Element
The suspension of one liquid in a second liquid with which the first will not mix
Emulsion
Produces brown to black pigments in the hair
Eumelanin
Used to equalize porosity and replace missing pigment in one application
Filler
Involves weaving or slicing out specific strands of hair for depositing haircolor or lightening
Foiling
The technique of applying demi-permanent or semi-permanent haircolor to hair to shine and/or refresh color
Glaze
A solution/chemical used to remove oxidative or non-oxidative haircolor from the hair
Haircolor Remover
A chemincal solution used to remove haircolor from the skin
Haircolor Stain Remover
The technique of coloring some hair strands lighter than their natural color (typically done by foiling)
Highlighting
The study of not living or never living organisms that do not contain carbon
Inorganic Chemistry
A concentrated haircolor that when added to another haircolor, is used to deepen, brighten, or create a more vivid look
Intensifier
The strength of the color’s appearance
Intensity
An atom or a group of atoms carrying an electric charge
Ion/Ions
A system that provides an understanding of color relationships
Law of Color
The degree of lightness or darkness of a color
Level
A system used to determine lightness or darkness of a color
Level System
Will lift permanently by diffusing, dissolving or decolorizing the natural or artificial pigment in the cortex; decolorizer
Lightener/Bleach
A visible line or band between two different haircolors, artificial or natural
Line of Demarcation
Substance that has mass and occupies space; occurs in the form of a solid, liquid, or gas
Matter
The innermost layer of hair composed of round cells; hair is fine and fragile when this is missing
Medulla
The coloring matter that provides us with the natural color of our hair and skin; also known as pigment
Melanin
A non-professional haircolor containing metals that after continuous use, build up on the hair (should not be used with any professional chemicals); also known as Gradual Dye
Metallic Dye
Two or more atoms chemically joined that retain their chemical and physical properties to form matter
Molecule
Non-professional haircolor made from various plants; henna; also known as vegetable hair dye
Natural Hair Dye
Particles in an atom that have a neutral charge (having no positive or negative charge)
Neutron
The process of new hair growing out from the scalp that has not yet been chemically altered
New Growth
Temporary color; no chemical mixing or reaction takes place to produce these colors on the hair
Non-Oxidative Haircolor
Come in a powder form and are not able to be used on the scalp; also known as quick lighteners
Off-the-Scalp Lightener
The study of living or previously living organisms containing carbon
Organic Chemistry
The visible line resulting from haircolor and/or lightening products spreading onto previously colored/lightened hair
Overlapping
The chemical reaction that occurs when oxygen is released from a substance; this reaction assists in the development of color on the hair
Oxidation
Creates a chemical change in the hair therefore providing longer lasting haircolor results. Types of these haircolors are permanent haircolor and demi-permanent haircolor
Oxidative Haircolor
A chemical reaction in which the oxidizing agent (developer) is reduced, and the reducing agent (haircolor) is oxidized
Oxidation-Reduction
This can deposit and/or lighten the natural pigments located in the cortex layer of the hair
Permanent Haircolor
Produces yellow to red pigments in the hair
Pheomelanin
The ability of the hair to absorb any liquid
Porosity
Applying a small amount of product on the skin to check for sensitivity and/or an allergic reaction to a product/chemical; patch test
Predisposition Test
Diffusing or lifting the natural hair color to achieve the desired level
Pre-lightening
The technique that allows for better haircolor penetration by softening the cuticle; often used prior to haircoloring resistant and/or grey hair
Presoftening
The three basic colors - red, yellow, blue - from which all other colors are produced
Primary Colors
Determines if the haircolor is absorbing and processing evenly; Periodic Strand Test
Processing Strand Test
Particles in an atom that have a positive charge
Protons
Substances that have definite chemical and physical properties
Pure Substances
Cuticle scales are flat, causing minimal liquid absorption
Resistant Hair
Created by mixing two primary colors in equal proportions
Secondary Colors
A deposit-only haircolor that penetrates into the cuticle layer of the hair shaft
Semi-Permanent Haircolor
A single application of haircolor to either lighten the natural hair color to deposit haircolor to the hair strand
Single Process Haircolor
Haircoloring technique that isolates thin subsections of hair in a straight line pattern
Slicing
Stable mixtures of two or more substances, which may be solids, liquids, gases, or a combination of these
Solutions
A substance that is capable of dissolving another substance
Solvent
Techniques used to create texture, as well as various dimensions of color
Special Effects
A mixture in which small particles of a substance are dispersed throughout a gas or liquid. If left undisturbed, the particles are likely to settle and separate
Suspension
Type of haircolor that coats the hair surface covering only the cuticle
Temporary Haircolor
Created by mixing a primary color with a neighboring secondary color
Tertiary Colors
The process of returning hair back to its natural state or desired level/color; reverse haircolor
Tint Back
The balance of color; also known as hue
Tone
Semi-permanent or demi-permanent haircolor product used on pre-lightened hair to neutralize unwanted pigment
Toner
The warm or cool tone seen within the predominant haircolor; also known as contributing pigment
Undertone
The first time hair is colored
Virgin Haircolor Application
Performed by coloring alternating selected strands from a thin subsection of hair
Weaving
Permanent waves processed without heat that have a pH ranging between 7.0 to 8.2; produce a firmer curl and process more quickly than true acid waves
Acid Balanced Waves
Results from the oxidation of primary alcohols; there are several other chemicals in the class of highly reactive chemical compounds (composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen)
Aldehyde
Processed without heat; the main ingredient is thioglycolic acid; also known as cold waves
Alkaline Waves
Protein building blocks of hair that link together to form tiny protein fibers
Amino Acids
An inorganic compound of colorless liquid, composed of one part nitrogen and three parts hydrogen; it has a pungent odor and is an alkaline substance used in the manufacturing of permanent wave solutions and hair lighteners to aid in opening the cuticle layer
Ammonia
A mild alternative relaxer containing a low pH compatible with thio relaxers
Ammonium Bisulfite Relaxer
Perm that uses an ingredient other than ammonia to reduce the odor associated with ammonia perms
Ammonia-Free Waves
A combination of ammonia and thioglycolic acid that creates a reducing agent used in permanent waves and relaxers
Ammonium Thioglycolate (ATG)
The position of the tool in relation to its base section and is determined by the angle at which the hair is wrapped; also known as base placement
Base Control
An oily cream applied on the scalp/skin to protect from the chemicals in the relaxer
Protective Base Cream/Base Cream
The position of the perm rod horizontal, vertical, or diagonal, within a section and/or parting
Base Direction
Relaxer that requires a protective base cream to be applied to the hairline and scalp; too strong to be applied without the application of a base cream
Base Relaxer
The subsections located within a larger panel section; the hair is divided into smaller subsections that hold one perm rod each
Base Sections
The type of perm wrap that consists of controlled sections of hair in which perm rods are placed in rectangular-shaped subsections
Basic Perm Wrap/Straight Set Wrap/9-Block Wrap
Foam-covered perm rods that are easily bent into different shapes and used for permanent waving
Bender Rod/Flexible Rod
Requires only one paper, which is folded in half much like a book
Book End Wrap
Perm rods are placed within a staggered pattern of subsections
Bricklay Perm Wrap
Matter altered permanently to a completely different form
Chemical Change
Characteristics that can only be determined by a chemical reaction and change in the matter
Chemical Properties
To chemically alter naturally curly or wavy hair into a straighter form
Chemical Relaxing
Chemical Substances consisting of atoms or ions of two or more elements in definite proportions, which cannot be separated by physical means
Compounds/Chemical Compounds
A perm rod that has a smaller diameter in the center and a larger diameter increase throughout the length
Concave Rod
Perm wrap that consists of wrapping the hair from ends to scalp in overlapping concentric layers
Croquignole Wrap
Perm wrap that consists of partings that follow the shape of your guest’s head
Curvature Perm Wrap
An amino acid joined with another cyteine amino acid to create a cystine amino acid
Cysteine
An amino acid that joins together two peptide strands
Cystine
Strong chemical side bonds that can only be broken by chemical solutions
Disulfide Bonds
Requires hair to be placed between two end papers, one on each side of the hair strand
Double Flat Wrap
The capability of the hair strand to stretch and return to its previous form without breaking
Elasticity
Absorbent pieces of thin tissue-type paper that control and protect the hair ends or any texturized lengths of hair within a subsection
End Papers/End Wraps
Processed by the application of heat; hood dryer, heat processor
Endothermic Wave
Processed by chemical reaction that releases heat; self-heating
Exothermic Wave
An organic compound that is a colorless, flammable and pungent gas; present in the air and many food and beauty products
Formaldehyde
Products are manufactured “without” the use of formaldehyde but could release a formaldehyde gas upon use
Formaldehyde Free
An odorless, colorless liquid that is miscible in water; it is derived from glycerin
Glyceryl
An ingredient used in a permanent waving lotion to help lower the pH because of its moisturizing properties
Glycerin
The main active ingredient in true acid waves
Glyceryl Monothioglycolate (GMTG)
Relaxer requiring the mixing of two products; advertised as “no-lye” for sensitive skin
Guanidine Hydroxide
Physical side bond (cross bond) easily broken by water or heat; reforms when the hair cools and/or dries
Hydrogen Bonds
Also called an acid/alkali neutralization reaction; it neutralizes any remaining alkaline residue left by the hydroxide relaxer and helps to restore the pH of the hair and scalp
Hydroxide Neutralization
Relaxers with a high alkaline (pH) content; available in varying formulations
Hydroxide Relaxer
When a substance is not able to mix with another substance
Immiscible
A strong, fibrous protein; the building blocks for hair, skin, and nails
Keratin
The process of removing one sulfur atom and replacing it with a disulfide bond
Lanthionization
A long, plastic rod that is used to create spiral curls
Loop Rod/Circle Rod
Relaxer that contains only one component and they are used exactly as they are packaged, requiring no mixing
Metal Hydroxide Relaxer
A substance that has mass and occupies space; it has physical and chemical properties and exists either as a solid, liquid, or gas
Matter
When a substance is able to be mixed with another substance
Miscible
A chemical solution that stops the waving process of a permanent wave; rebuilds the bonds into their new form
Neutralizer
Chemically restoring disulfide bonds to harden into a new shape; rebonding
Neutralizing
Used to help remove any remaining chemicals left in the hair after a chemical relaxer and to restore hair to normal acidic pH
Neutralizing Shampoo
The new hair growing out from the scalp that has not yet been chemically altered
New Growth
Does not require a base cream to be applied to the skin or scalp
No-Base Relaxer/No-Lye Relaxer
Solutions with an acidic pH that restore the hair’s natural pH after a hydroxide relaxer
Normalizing Lotion
Any illness caused by overexposure to certain products or ingredients
Occupational Disease
A perming technique that provides curl or wave to small areas of the head, creating a natural blending of permed hair into previously permed or non-permed hair
Partial Perm Wrap
These connect amino acids (end to end) that form polypeptides
Peptide Bonds/End Bonds
A technique used to smooth hair around the hairline, such as cowlicks, uncontrollable hair, growth patterns, and inconsistent textures
Perimeter Definition
Chemically rearranging straight hair into a curly or wavy form
Permanent Waving
A scale ranging from 0 to 14 that measures if a product is an acid (0 to 6.9), and alkaline (7.1 to 14), or neutral (7).
pH Scale
Matter altered to a different shape temporarily, but eventually returning to its original state
Physical Change
Consist of two or more types of matter that are blended together, but not chemically altered; each part in the mixture maintains its own properties
Physical Mixtures
Occur without a chemical reaction or change to the matter; ex: hardness, color, weight, odor, and boiling point
Physical Properties
A wrap technique where hair longer than 10 to 12 inches is wrapped on one rod from the mid-shaft to scalp, and the remaining hair is wrapped around a second rod
Piggyback Perm Wrap/Double-Rod
A spiraling chain of amino acids; joined together by peptide bonds
Polypeptide Chain
The ability of the hair to absorb any liquid
Porosity
A very strong alkaline ingredient used in chemical relaxers; typically marketed as no-mix, no-lye
Potassium Hydroxide/Lithium Hydroxide
A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution
Potential Hydrogen (pH)
Performed as part of your guest consultation to test how the hair will respond to the chemical application
Preliminary Strand Test
Determines the required processing time and ensures that the desired curl has been achieved for a permanent wave service
Preliminary Test Curl
Performed during a chemical relaxer to determine if the hair has been sufficiently relaxed
Processing Strand Test/Periodic Strand Test
A cream barrier applied around the hairline and ears to protect the skin from permanent wave lotions or hair color
Protective Cream
A form affirming that your guest was advised of the potential risks that could result during the requested chemical service
Release Statement
The process in which oxygen is subtracted from or hydrogen is added to a substance through a chemical reaction; breaking of the disulfide bonds
Reduction
Weak physical side bonds (cross bonds) easily broken by change in pH; reform when pH balance is restored
Salt Bonds
Allergic reaction caused by repeated exposure to a chemical or substance
Sensitization
Connect polypeptide chains side-by-side; responsible for strength and elasticity
Side Bonds/Cross Bonds
Requires only one paper used in conjunction with either the double end or book end wraps
Single Flat Wraps
A highly soluble chemical element that is an alkaline substance used in the manufacturing of permanent wave lotions and chemical hair relaxers
Sodium
A strong alkaline ingredient used in chemical relaxers
Sodium Hydroxide (Lye)
A chemical texture service that restructures overly curly hair into loose curls or waves
Soft Curl Reformation
Substance that is dissolved in a solution
Solute
Stable mixture that blends two or more substances, which may be of gases, liquids, solids, or a combo of these
Solution
Dissolves other substances to form a solution with no chemical change
Solvent
Perm wrap that consists of wrapping the hair at an angle other than parallel to the length of the rod, which will create a coiling effect of the hair
Spiral Wrap
Pliable foam rods that allow hair to be chemically altered, creating a soft-end result
Sponge Rod
A perm rod that has an even diameter/width throughout the entire rod length
Straight Rod
A mixture that blends large particles together without dissolving into a liquid or solid. The particles do not stay mixed; they separate back to their original state
Suspension
An organic compound of clear liquid with a strong unpleasant smell used in permanent wave solutions
Thioglycolic Acid
The process of stopping a permanent wave and reforming the hair into its new curly shape
Thio Neutralization
Chemical compounds with the additive ingredient ammonia; considered to be a “no-lye” relaxer, suitable for soft curl reformation; known as “thio-relaxers” by industry standards
Thioglycolate Relaxers
The technical term for the study of the hair, the disorders and diseases, and hair care
Trichology
Permanent waves processed with the application of heat that have a pH range between 4.5-7; the main ingredient is typically glyceryl monothioglycolate (GMTG); these process slower than alkaline waves
True Acid Waves
Measurement of how thick or thin a liquid is, and how that affects the liquid’s flow
Viscosity
Perm wrap consisting of controlled sections of hair that replaces straight partings with zigzag partings
Weave Perm Wrap
A non-mirror image with unequal distribution of weight and/or length
Asymmetry
A technique using a brush that is done on the surface of the hair to achieve a light, airy appearance that expands the hair, while providing support and structure to the design
Back-brushing/Ruffing
A technique that uses the comb to create a cushion at the base of the scalp, giving height and volume to a design; also known as cushioning, interlocking, lacing, matting, and ratting
Back-combing
The visual comparison of weight used to offset or equalize proportion
Balance
Normally consists of a rectangular-shaped base used in place of a wet roller application or to support a dry design prior to finishing the style; achieves the same results as a cascade curl but in a larger movement
Barrel Curl
The section of the hair that is attached to the scalp
Base
Method of attaching hair with an adhesive agent
Bonding/Fusion
Small sections of hair where the stem and base are raised from the scalp with the ends turning under, creating mass or fullness known as volume
Cascade Curl/Stand-up Pincurl
The chin and forehead align; the nose appears sunken, creating inward curvature
Concave Profile
A receding chin, protruding nose and high hairline; creates strong outward curvature
Convex Profile
The end of the hair strand that forms a complete circle for pin curls, rollersetting and/or thermal setting
Curl/Circle
Creates movement, softness and/or waves; a continuously bending line without angles
Curved line
Also known as the focal point of a hair design, is the point or the area that the eye is drawn to at first glance
Emphasis
Facial form created by individual bone structure and hairline
Face Shape
The relationship of facial features and shape to each other
Facial Proportion
“C” shapes placed into the hair in alternating directions using the fingers and a comb
Finger waves
A combination of lines that outline a shape
Form
The curl is secured totally off it’s base; provides the maximum amount of movement but the least amount of curl
Full Stem Curl
Natural or synthetic hair attached to the base/scalp area to add length, volume, and/or color
Hair Additions
Small wig or various hair attachments used to cover smaller sections of the head primarily on the top or crown of the head
Hair Additions
Small wig or various hair attachments used to cover smaller sections of the head, primarily on the top or crown of the head
Hairpiece
A method of temporarily straightening curly or uncontrollable hair by means of a heated iron or comb
Hair Pressing/Thermal Hair Straightening
The curl/roller sits 1/2 off 1/2 on its base
Half Off-Base
The curl is secured 1/2 off it’s base; provides a medium amount of movement and curl
Half-Stem Curl
A hair straightening technique that removes all of the curl by using a thermal pressing comb twice on each side of the hair shaft
Hard press
A pleasing arrangement of shapes and lines that incorporates all elements of design
Harmony
Creates emptiness or flat area(s) in a design
Indentation Base
Form of natural styling where hair has grown and intertwined over time; hair is twisted or formed to wrap around itself, creating a rope-like effect
Locs/Dreadlocks
A hair straightening technique using a thermal pressing comb once on each side of the hair shaft, using slightly increased pressure; removes 60%-75% of curl
Medium Press
The curl is secured directly on its base; provides the least amount of movement but the greatest amount of curl
No Stem Curl
The curl sits totally off it’s base
Off-Base
The curl sits completely on its base
On-Base
Provides the support, texture and movement of final design
Polishing
The outline or contour of the face viewed from one side
Profile
The direct correlation of size, distance, amount, and ratio between the individual characteristics when compared with the whole
Proportion
A form of finger waves using two combs instead of the fingers to lift the wave up from the head and create a 3D form
Pushwaves/Scrunchwaves
A repeated pattern in a design
Rhythm
Involves forcing the hair between the thumb and back of the comb to create tension
Ribboning
Flat pin curls following the finger wave’s ridge, producing a strong wave pattern in a finished design; alternating rows create what is known as a skip wave
Ridge Curls
Sculpted by hand, iron or roller, to create texture and/or movement for a style
Sculpture Curls/Carved Curls
Combing a section of the hair in a circular movement over the surface of the head for the formation of waves or curls
Shaping/Molding
Blow drying hair in sections utilizing the comb pick attachment, then flat ironing to complete the straightening process
Silk Press
Wave pattern that combines finger waves and flat pin curls
Skipwave
A straightening technique using a thermal pressing comb once on each side of the hair shaft; removes 50%-60% of curl
Soft press
Area within or surrounding a hair design
Space
The section of hair between the base and the first turn of the roller/curl
Stem
Forehead, nose and chin align, creating a slight outward curvature; ideal profile
Straight Profile
A mirror image from a center point
Symmetry
Evaporate quickly and easily; for example, rubbing alcohol (isopropyl) and hairsprays (ethyl alcohol)
Volatile Alcohols
Alcohols that contain carbon and evaporate dry quickly
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
Creates lift, fullness or height in a design
Volume Base
Designing wet hair into a specific shape
Wet Styling
An artificial hair covering that is designed to replace or enhance your guest’s existing hair and/or be a fashion accessory
Wig
Allows products to penetrate the skin to keep it supple and pliable, which helps the skin to retain its stretch and/or elasticity
Absorption
Chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands
Acne
The final stage of HIV, which destroys the immune system
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
Rare, congenital skin disorder characterized by a total or partial lack of melanin in the body
Albinism
Rapid or interrupted electrical current that switches direction, moving in one direction then changing to the opposite direction
Alternating Current (AC)
The unit for measuring the strength of an electric current
Ampere/Amp
Lack of perspiration due to an under active suderiferous gland
Anhidrosis
Positive electrode/pole used in electrotherapy
Anode
Agent that prevents or reduces infection by eliminating or decreasing the growth of microorganisms; can be applied safely to the skin to cleanse a superficial wound or assist in the removal of bacteria
Antiseptic
Thick-walled, tube-like vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
Arteries
The thin-walled chambers of the top half of the heart; are referred to as the right and/or left ___
Atrium
Product or item that is capable of destroying bacteria
Bactericidal
The most common and mildest form of skin cancer; it is characterized either as a small red bump with a surface appearance of blood vessels or a “pearly” module with a rough texture
Basal Cell Carcinoma
The middle part of the muscle
Belly
Nourishing fluid that supplies the nutrients and oxygen, carries away waste products, and protects the body from pathogenic bacteria
Blood
Infectious pathogenic microorganisms that are present in human blood or bodily fluids and can cause disease in humans; these pathogens include, but are not limited to, HepB virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Bloodborne Pathogen
Foul smelling perspiration
Bromhidrosis
Large blister containing clear, watery fluid
Bulla
Negative electrode/pole used in electrotherapy
Cathode
The basic unit of all living matter
Cell
Non-elevated, hyperpigmented, light to dark brown spots and scattered on hands, arms, or face; liver spots or moth patches
Chloasma
A “switch” that automatically shuts off the flow of electricity at the first signs of an overload
Circuit Breaker
Also known as a panel, is a device that automatically stops the flow of electricity in a circuit
Circuit Breaker Box
Comprised of the blood, blood vessels, and heart; responsible for moving blood and lymph throughout the body
Circulatory System
A hair follicle that is closed, keeping the sebum from being exposed to the environment and oxidizing; whitehead
Closed Comedone
Skin lesion containing masses of sebum trapped in the hair follicle; two types open (blackheads) and closed (whiteheads)
Comedo
Main source of blood supply to the face, head, and neck
Common Carotid Artery
Flow of positive and negative electric currents from a generating source, through a conductor and back to the generating source
Complete Electric Current
Any material that allows or supports the flow of electric current; for example metal, copper, and water
Conductor
A common bacterial infection of the eyes that is highly contagious
Conjunctivitis/Pinkeye
Device that switches direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC)
Converter
Inflammation of the skin from any cause, resulting in a range of symptoms, such as redness, swelling, itching, or blistering
Dermatitis
An allergic reaction caused by the skin’s sensitivity to the exposure or use of a certain product; contact dermatitis
Dermatitis Venenata
The study of skin, it’s functions, structures, conditions, diseases/disorders and treatments
Dermatology
The underlying or inner layer of the skins directly below the epidermis, also know as Derma, Corium, Curis, or True Skin
Dermis
Comprised of the stomach, intestines, mouth and several glands that digest food and break it down into nutrients
Digestive System
Electric current that flows in only one direction
Direct Current (DC)
To destroy microorganisms on nonporous surfaces and prevent infection; the second level of infection control
Disinfection
Gland that secretes waste from the body and deposits it on the skin’s surface; located within the dermis
Duct Gland
Painful, itchy and non-contagious skin inflammation, which can have the appearance of either dry or moist lesions
Eczema
Massage technique that involves gliding, stroking, or circular movements, utilizing a light, slow, consistent motion with either light or no pressure
Effleurage
Body system comprised of specialized, ductless glands that regulate hormone production
Endocrine System
The outermost layer of the skin, containing many small nerve endings, but no blood vessels; also known as the Basal Layer
Epidermis
Spongy bone between both eye sockets that forms part of the nasal cavity
Ethmoid Bone
Occurs through the scraping or scratching of the epidermal layer or skin’s surface; this can occur with an existing sore being scratched, irritating the existing injury
Excoriation
Accomplished when the sweat glands disperse perspiration; this maintains a healthy temperature by cooling the body
Excretion
Comprised of the kidneys, liver, skin, large intestine and lungs that eliminate waste from the body
Excretory System
Massage technique that involves deep rubbing, rolling, or wringing movement applied with pressure, forcing one layer of tissue to press against another layer, therefore flattening or stretching that tissue
Friction
Capable of destroying fungi
Fungicidal
Designed to prevent an excessive amount of electrical current from passing through the circuit
Fuse
Contains small devices with metal wires that link to the main source of electricity for the entire building
Fuse box
Constant and direct current set to a safe, low voltage level; chemical changes are produced when the current is passed through certain solutions containing acids and salts
Galvanic Current
A term used to promote electrical safety, which means the electrical current is safely carried away from you to the ground; doing this to electrical equipment will prevent electrical shock
Grounding
Maintaining a body temp of 98.6°F through the blood and excretion of perspiration
Heat Regulation
Bloodborne virus that can cause inflammation of the liver caused by infections of toxic agents and is characterized by jaundice, fever, liver enlargement, and abdominal pain
Hepatitis
Commonly known as a fever blister or cold sore; a contagious skin disorder associated with a viral infection
Herpes Simplex (HSV)
Extreme hairiness or excessive growth of hair, sometimes on uncommon areas of the face and body
Hirsutism/Hypertrichosis
Bloodborne pathogen that weakens the immune system by destroying the white blood cells; virus that can lead to AIDS
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
An over-abundance of perspiration due to an overactive suderiferous gland
Hyperhidrosis
Contagious bacterial infection of the skin characterized by open lesions
Impetigo
Portion of the muscle joined to the movable portion of the bone to assist movement
Insertion
Comprised of skin and it’s layers; serves as a protective covering
Integumentary System
The light that is invisible to the naked eye
Invisible light
The process of forcing a water-based soluble solution into the skin using a galvanic current
Iontophoresis
A thickened or hardened area of skin caused by friction, continual rubbing, or pressure over the same part of skin
Keratoma/Callus/Tyloma
Measures 1,000 watts of electrical power used in an apparatus within one second
Kilowatt
Wound or mark on the skin that can be considered either a disease or disorder
Lesion
Skin disorder that is characterized by light patches (hypopigmentation); can be caused by a burn or congenital disease, such as albinism
Leukoderma
Clear, slightly yellow fluid located within the vessels and is filtered by the lymph nodes
Lymph
The main function is to protect the body from disease by developing immunities
Lymphatic/Immune System
Areas of discoloration that appear on the skin surface; for example, freckles
Macule
The most dangerous form of skin cancer; appears as dark brown or black spots or lesions with an uneven shape, size, and/or color
Malignant Melanoma
Special cells that produce the skin pigment called melanin
Melanocyte
Small, white, keratin-filled bumps or cysts that are enclosed within the epidermis with no visible opening; commonly found around the eyes, cheeks, and/or forehead
Milia
A rash of tiny, red, raised spots appearing on the skin, accompanied by burning and itching; also known as heat rash or prickly heat
Miliaria Rubra
Less than 1/1000 of an ampere; electrical equipment used for facial treatments have controls that allow the current to be reduced to 1/1000 of an amp
Milliampere
Process in which human tissue cells reproduce by dividing in half, creating two daughter cells
Mitosis
Small flat or raised pigmented spot on the surface of the skin, ranging in color from light to dark brown
Mole
Nerve that carries messages to the brain and/or spinal cord to produce movement
Motor Nerve
Infection that is resistant to certain antibiotics; commonly found on the skin and starts as small, red bumps
MRSA (Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus)
Contracts and moves various parts of the body and supports the skeletal system
Muscular System
The study of muscles - their structures, function, and diseases
Myology
Comprised of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves; it regulates and controls all of the body’s activities
Nervous System
The scientific study of the structure and purpose of the nervous system
Neurology
Birthmark on the skin, characterized by small or large irregularly-shaped marks or stains
Nevus
A material that prevents the flow of electricity; for example cement, glass, rubber, silk, and wood
Nonconductor/Insulator
Involuntary muscle that is smooth and not marked with lines
Non-Striated Muscle
Unit for measuring the resistance of an electric current
Ohm
A hair follicle containing masses of hardened sebum and keratin; the open pore appears black due to the sebum being exposed to the environment and oxidizing; blackhead
Open Comedone
Separate body structures composed of multiple tissues that each perform specific functions
Organs
The place where a muscle attaches to a non-moving section of bone
Origin
Outermost layer of the dermis, directly underneath the epidermis
Papillary Layer
Small, red, elevated protrusion of the skin, usually containing no pus
Papule
Massage technique that involves short, light tapping or slapping movements
Percussion/Tapotement
Massage technique that involves kneading, lifting, or grasping movement
Petrissage
Colorless particle located in the blood that is responsible for clotting
Platelet/Thrombocyte
Property of having two opposites; a positive and negative pole of an electric current
Polarity
Guarding against the skin’s enemies, such as UV rays, extreme weather conditions, bacterial infections, and injury
Protection
Able to kill the Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria
Pseudomonacidal
Inflamed, elevated pimple that contains pus
Pustule
Device that switches alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC)
Rectifier
Comprised of the organs necessary to reproduce
Reproductive System
Comprised of the organs that help to process air
Respiratory System
Deeper layer of the derma located below the papillary layer that assists in supplying skin with nutrients and oxygen
Reticular Layer
Chronic skin disorder of the face with red inflamed areas appearing mostly on the nose and cheeks
Rosacea
The lowest level of decontamination that is a physical or chemical process of reducing the surface pathogens and dirt; it will aid in preventing the growth of germs but will not kill bacteria
Sanitation
Sac-like duct gland attached to the hair follicles that produce sebum
Sebaceous Gland
Oily substance that lubricates the skin or scalp and is secreted from the sebaceous glands
Sebum
When sebum, an oily substance, is delivered from the sebaceous glands to provide moisture and maintain skin’s elasticity
Secretion
Nerve endings are stimulated through touch, heat, cold, pressure, and pain receptors; these receptors are situated near the hair follicles within the dermis and send messages to the brain to react
Sensation
Nerve that carries messages to the brain and/or spinal cord to recognize touch, cold, heat, sight, hearing, taste, smell, pain, and pressure
Sensory Nerve
Physical foundation of the body; composed of 206 bones
Skeletal System
More serious than Basal Cell Carcinoma and is characterized by red, scaly patches or open sores that may bleed or crust
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
The chemical process that completely destroys all microbial life and bacterial spores on nonporous surfaces; the most effective/highest level of infection control; germ-free
Sterilization
Outermost layer of the epidermis, known as the horny layer
Stratum Corneum
Deepest/Innermost layer of the epidermis, known as the basal cell layer
Stratum Germinativum
Granular-like layer of the epidermis located between the Stratum Lucidum and Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Granulosum
Clear layer of epidermis just below the Stratum Corneum
Stratum Lucidum
Layer where the cells develop tiny spines that assist in binding all cells tightly together
Stratum Spinosum
Voluntary muscles attached to the bones and are knowingly controlled; also known as skeletal muscles
Striated muscles
Fatty tissue found beneath the dermis
Subcutaneous Tissue/Adipose Tissue
Consist of tube-like ducts that begin in the dermis and extend into the epidermis by attaching themselves to hair follicles; sweat glands
Suderiferous Gland
Often due to over-functioning or under-functioning internal glands or organs
Systemic Disease
Uses alternating current (AC) that produces heat and provides stimulation and/or relaxation to the skin and scalp; also known as Violet Ray
Tesla High Frequency Current
This gland controls how quickly the body burns energy (metabolism), makes proteins, and how sensitive the body should be to other hormones
Thyroid Gland
Groups of similar cells that perform specific functions
Tissues
Product that is able to kill the bacteria that cause tuberculosis
Tuberculocidal
Permits the blood to flow in one direction only, either into or out of the ventricles and/or atrium
Valve
Thin-walled, tube-like vessels that carry impure blood back to the heart; contain small cup-like structures that keep the blood flowing in one direction
Veins
Thick-walled chambers on the bottom half of the heart and are referred to as the right and/or left
Ventricle
The medical term for a wart, characterized by a hard, rough, red, or flesh-colored bump that is commonly found on hands or feet
Verruca
Small blister or sac filled with a clear fluid
Vesicle
Massage technique that involves the use of the tips of the fingers to produce a rapid shaking movement
Vibration
Capable of destroying viruses
Virucidal
Varying degrees of wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum that are visible to the human eye
Visible Spectrum of Light
Inherited skin disorder producing smooth, irregularly-shaped white patches, caused by the loss of pigment producing cells
Vitiligo
Unit for measuring the force or pressure of an electric current
Volt
Measures the amount of electrical energy used by an apparatus within one second
Watt
An itchy swollen lesion that occurs shortly after an insect bite or allergic reaction; also known as Urticaria
Wheal
The muscles that spread the fingers or toes
Abductor Muscles
Disinfectant based on a stabilized hydrogen peroxide that is non-toxic to the skin and environment; this type of disinfectant only needs to be changed every 14 days
Accelerated Hydrogen Peroxide (AHP)
A high-quality virgin plastic used to manufacture nail tips
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)
The muscles that pull the fingers or toes together
Adductor Muscles
The split cuticle around the nail
Agnail/Hangnail
Extremely flammable, colorless liquid that evaporates quickly
Alcohol
The curvature side view of a nail tip that provides support to the stress area and sides of the nail tip
Arch/Apex
Visible depressions running the width of the natural nail plate. Usually the result of a major illness or injury, such as pneumonia, adverse drug reaction, surgery and/or heart failure. This occurs because the matrix slows down nail cell production for an extended period of time.
Beau’s Lines
Thin layer of skin cells between the nail bed and the nail plate
Bed Epithelium
Dark purplish discoloration under the nail caused by trauma
Bruised Nail
The eight bones that form the wrist
Carpals
The chemical reaction that causes hardening
Curing/Polymerization
The small portion of non-living epidermis extending around the base of the nail
Cuticle
Specialized acrylic monomers that quickly polymerize with the addition of alcohol, water or any weak alkaline product to form an adhesive
Cyanoacrylates
Nerves located in the fingers and toes
Digital Nerve
Noticeable thin, white nail plate that is more flexible than normal
Eggshell Nail
Living skin at the base of the nail plate that partially overlaps the lunula
Eponychium
The muscles that aid in the straightening of a joint
Extensor Muscles
Very thin and tightly woven materials, such as linen, silk or fiberglass that are used to strengthen the natural nail or are applied over nail tips
Fabric Wraps
Long bone extending from the hip to the knee, also known as the thigh bone
Femur
Bone forming the outer part of the lower leg, extending from the knee to the ankle
Fibula
The muscle that controls the little toe
Flexor Digiti Minimi
The muscle that bends a joint
Flexor Muscle
The part of the nail plate that extends beyond the fingertip
Free Edge
The muscle located in the calf that pulls the foot down; attached to the lower portion of the heel
Gastrocnemius
The largest bone in the upper arm, extending from the shoulder to the elbow
Humerus
The skin between the free edge and fingertip of the natural nail
Hyponychium
Substances that begin the polymerization process that starts the chain reaction, leading to very long polymer chains being created
Initiators
The tacky, film-like layer that forms on the top of the nail enhancement
Inhibition Layer
Whitish discoloration of the nails caused by injury; White Spots
Leukonychia
Spongy, respiratory organs responsible for inhaling and exhaling
Lungs
Whitish, half-moon shape at the base of the nail
Lunula
Cosmetic service for care of the hands, which includes skin and nail care, cosmetic treatments and procedures, polishing techniques and artificial nail applications
Manicure
Pocket-like fold of skin that holds the nail root and the matrix
Mantle
Part of the nail bed that extends below the nail root and helps to produce the nail plate
Matrix
The smallest of the three arm and hand nerves; runs along the mid-forearm and extends into the hands
Median Nerve
Darkening of the nails caused by excess melanin; can be in a band or stripe
Melanonychia
The five long, thin bones between the wrist and fingers, forming the palm of the hand
Metacarpals
The five long, slender bones located between the ankles and the toes
Metatarsals
Used to gently scrape the cuticle from the natural nail; made of stainless steel and can be disinfected and reused
Metal Pushers
Type of monomer that is a colorless, volatile, flammable liquid compound; polymerized readily and is used especially as a monomer for acrylic resin; has a small molecule size and can penetrate body tissue or skin and possibly cause an allergic reaction
Methyl Methacrylate (MMA)
Causing small unseen openings in the skin that allow for the entry of pathogens
Microtrauma
The liquid that mixes with acrylic powder and binds the acrylic polymers to form a nail enhancement
Monomer
The portion of the skin that the nail plate rests upon as it grows out
Nail Bed
Removes moisture or oils from the nail plate prior to nail enhancement services
Nail Dehydrator
The folds of normal skin that surround the natural nail plate
Nail Folds
Slits or grooves on the sides of the nail that allow growth
Nail Grooves
Translucent portion of the nail, extending from the nail root to the free edge; sometimes referred to as the nail body
Nail Plate
A non-infectious condition that affects the surface of the natural nail. The nail will appear pitted and/or have roughness on the surface.
Nail Psoriasis
Forward growth of living skin that adheres to the surface of the nail plate
Nail Pterygium
A metal tool that has a grooved edge; typically used for pedicures to smooth and file the free edge
Nail Rasp
The portion of the nail plate hidden under a fold of skin (mantle) at the base of the nail plate
Nail Root
The piece of skin that overlaps onto the side of the nail; lateral nail fold
Nail Sidewall
Used to adhere the fabric wrap to the natural nail or nail tip
Nail Wrap Resin
Short polymer chains that consist of just a few monomers, creating a thickened resin or a “gel-like” substance
Oligomers
Inflammation of the nail matrix
Onychia
Ingrown nail
Onychocryptosis
Loosening or separation of the nail plate from the nail bed, without shedding
Onycholysis
Fungal infection of the nail
Onychomycosis
Bitten nails
Onychophagy
Abnormal brittleness of the nail plate
Onychorrhexis
General term for any nail disease or deformity
Onychosis
The technical term for nails
Onyx
Thick or dark quality that makes products difficult to see through
Opacity
Group of adductor muscles located in the palm that pulls the thumb toward the fingers
Opponens Muscles
Any fabric wrap, UV cured-gel or acrylic/sculpted nail that is applied to enhance and/or strengthen the natural nail
Overlay
Bacterial inflammation of the skin surrounding the nail plate
Paronychia
Technical term for the kneecap
Patella
Cosmetic care of the toenails and feet
Pedicure
Additional or excessive skin that overlaps onto the sides of the nail plate
Perionychium
Shorter of the two muscles responsible for rotating the foot down and out
Peroneus Brevis
Longer of the two muscles responsible for rotating the foot down and out
Peroneus Longus
The bones of the fingers or toes; digits
Phalanges
Strong, high pH disinfectant
Phenols
The chemical that begins the polymerization process in gel nails
Photoinitiators
A concentrate or powder made up of acrylic powder that when mixed with a monomer forms a nail enhancement
Polymers
The chemical reaction, also known as curing or hardening, that creates polymers
Polymerization
The edge of the well that bumps up against the free edge of the natural nail
Position Stop
Liquid solution, containing methacrylic acid that is applied sparingly to the natural nail plate prior to acrylic product application to assist in adhesion of the enhancement
Primer
Turns the forearm and hand inward so the palm faces downward
Pronator Muscles
Small rounded mass (vascular tissue) projecting from the nail bed to the nail plate
Pyogenic Granuloma
The standard name for disinfectants
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/Quats
Supplies blood to the thumb side of the arm and the back of the hand
Radial Artery
The nerve that runs along the thumb side of the arm and the back of the hand
Radial Nerve
Outer and smaller bone on the inside of the forearm; located on the thumb side
Radius
Based on the use of reflex points located throughout the hands, feet, and head that are linked to other parts of the body
Reflexology
A vertical or horizontal indentation running the length or width of the nail plate; also known as furrow or corrugation
Ridges
Made from thin natural material with a tight weave that provides a smooth, even, clear appearance after a wrap resin is applied
Silk Wraps
Commonly known as bleach
Sodium Hypochlorite
The muscle that is attached to the lower heel and bends the foot down
Soleus
The edge of the nail tip below the contact area that is the most vulnerable area, accepting everyday wear and tear
Stress Area
Turns the forearm and hand outward so the palm faces upward
Supinator Muscle
The seven bones that form the ankle
Tarsals
The largest of the two bones below the knee that form the lower leg; the shin bone
Tibia
The muscle that covers the shin and bends the foot
Tibialis Anterior
The muscle that helps the foot flex inward
Tibialis Posterior
A contagious fungal infection, distinguished by itching, scales, and occasionally painful lesions; ringworm
Tinea
A fungal infection that can occur on the bottom of the feet, as well as, between the toes, which can spread to the toenails; Athlete’s Foot
Tinea Pedis
Inner and larger bone on the outside of the forearm; located on the pinky side
Ulna
Supplies blood to the little finger side of the arm and the palm of the hand
Ulnar Artery
The nerve that runs along the little finger side of the arm and the palm of the hand
Ulnar Nerve
The main ingredients used to create UV gel nail enhancements
Urethane Acrylate and Urethane Methacrylate
Used to gently remove cuticle tissue away from the nail plate and clean under the free edge; made from orangewood, rosewood, or other hardwoods; disposable alternatives for pushing back cuticles
Wooden Pusher
The technique of coloring some hair strands darker than their natural hair color (typically done by foiling)
Lowlighting
Amino acids are connected by an end bond or peptide bond to form a long, single chain known as a polypeptide or an _____
Alpha helix
Three alpha helix coils twist around each other to form a ____
Protofibril
Nine protofibrils are packaged together as a ____
Bundle
Eleven bundles will produce a ____
Microfibril
100’s of microfibrils are locked together in a fibrous bundle known as a ___
Macrofibril
Hundreds of macrofibrils group together to create a ____
Cortical fiber
The corticosteroids fibers grouped together produce the ____
Cortex
The dried dead cells that surround the cortex
Cuticle scales
A dry type of dandruff characterized by white, lightweight flakes that either attach to the scalp in clusters or are scattered loosely within the hair and eventually fall to the shoulders.
Pityriasis Capitis Simplex
An excessive growth of hair in uncommon areas of the face or body. Example: terminal hair above the lip and/or underneath the chin or hairline.
Hypertrichosis/Hirsuties
Hair that is naturally shed or gathered from a brush and/or comb.
Fallen hair
A white substance that grows on the surface of things in wet, warm conditions, but does not cause human infection on the skin
Mildew
Lice can survive on the scalp for ____ days; eggs can survive up to ____ weeks
10 days; 2 weeks
Itch mites can survive without a host (person) for ___ hours and can live on a person for ___ month(s)
48-72 hours; 1 month
A form of fibrous tissue that produce movement of the body parts, maintain tension, or pump fluids within the body
Muscles
This wedge-shaped bone joins all the bones of the cranium
Sphenoid
This consists of seven vertebrae that make up the portion of the spinal column located in the neck
Cervical vertebrae
A long bone located at the upper part of the chest; connects the sternum and the scapula
Clavicle/Collarbone
Consists of two large, flat bones that form the back part of the shoulder blades
Scapula
The large, flat, triangular muscle covering the lower back. It helps extend the arm away from the body and rotate the shoulder.
Latissimus Dorsi
A major muscle that stretches across the front of the upper chest, enabling arms to swing.
Pectoralis
A chest muscle that assists in elevating the arm and in breathing.
Serratus Anterior
This is used in reference to contaminants or mineral content found in water. Two methods of removal are filtration and softening.
Impurity
This is the separation of water from its mineral substances, such as magnesium, iron, calcium, or organic matter.
Filtration
The removal of the unfiltered or dissolved mineral particles in water that are not eliminated through filtration.
Softening
This surfactant has a detergent base that is inexpensive, but has excellent deep cleansing abilities and is easily rinsed from the hair.
Anionic
This surfactant is excellent for deep cleansing and removal of oil from the scalp.
Nonionic
These shampoos are generally formulated to maintain a healthy pH balance for scalp and hair. It prevents moisture loss from hair and assists in closing the cuticle.
Acid Balance Shampoo
Deep cleansing shampoo used to break down product build-up. They are used either once a week or every two weeks, depending on the amount of product used daily
Clarifying Shampoo
Shampoo that refreshes, brightens, or adds a slight color change to the hair. They contain a surfactant with some basic hair color ingredients.
Color shampoos
Shampoos that contain moisture and protein agents, which help restore elasticity and strength to the hair and provide volume
Conditioning shampoo
This shampoo is used for guests that are unable to rest their head in a shampoo bowl. It is manufactured in either a spray or powder form, applied on hair, and then brushed through
Dry shampoo
Shampoo that typically contains an anti-microbic ingredient, such as zinc or selenium sulphide, to remedy dandruff or other scalp conditions.
Medicated shampoo
Shampoos that are pH balanced to be in the 4.5-5.5 range, the same as the skin. This shampoo helps to close the cuticle and is recommended for color or chemically treated hair.
pH-balanced shampoo
This shampoo is gentler on the scalp, and is less likely to cause an allergic reaction. These shampoos are popular to market for color-treated hair because they do not contain sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS). SLS may excessively remove essential oils, irritate the scalp, and/or cause hair to be dry
Sulphate-free or Low Sulfate shampoos
This product enhances strength and shine and minimizes the damage to the hair shaft
Conditioner
This conditioner eliminates friction and helps to flatten the cuticle. It is combed through the hair after the shampoo to ensure complete coverage. It is then immediately rinsed, leaving a light coating over the hair shaft, providing ease in detangling hair
Surface conditioner/rinse-out conditioner
Conditioner containing the moisture retention ingredient Humectant. These heavy, cream conditioners stay on the hair longer (10-20 mins) for improved penetration into the cuticle.
Moisturizing conditioner
This ingredient, found in some conditioners, has the physical properties of absorbing and retaining moisture.
Humectant
This conditioner is a deep penetrating conditioner that incorporates technological advances to enable rebuilding the amino acid structure within the hair. These are left on the hair for an average of 10-20 minutes depending on the manufacturer instructions.
Reconstructors
Conditioning treatments that are reconstructors generally made of keratin-based liquid that when placed on the cuticle, penetrate into the cortex. This equalizes porosity and improves the hair’s elasticity/strength.
Protein treatments
These treatments are surface conditioners that are generally lightweight and remain on the hair, not be rinsed out. Styling products can be applied and hair design continued.
Leave-in treatments
These conditioners provide moisture to the hair. This type of conditioner is applied on shaped hair, combed through and rinsed out, leaving the hair soft and manageable. These conditioners are designed to restore hair to a pH balanced state following chemical hair services.
Instant conditioners
This face shape has an ideally balanced vertical and horizontal proportion for hair designing. It tapers in a gentle slope from the widest portion, the forehead, to the narrowest portion, the chin.
Oval
This face shape is almost as wide as it is long. It typically features a wider middle zone, shorter chin, and rounded hairline. You can balance this with angular haircuts and accompanying hair designs. Create minimal volume on the sides and add volume and/or height to the crown.
Round
This face shape is equal in width and length. The outer lines are straight vertically and horizontally. Add softness in a hairstyle to draw the eye away from the strong jawline and frame the forehead line to soften it/reduce edges of the face.
Square
This face shape is longer than it is wide. A person with this face shape often has prominent cheekbones, a long, angular chin, and a high forehead. Add curvature to the hairstyle and shorten the face using a fringe in the forehead or chin area. For width, create volume to the sides. Use bands to help shorten the facial appearance. Keep the overall length short to moderate.
Oblong
This face shape is widest at the forehead and narrowest at the chin. Balance with fullness around the jawline and soft waves at the forehead. Create a soft, partial fringe to offset the width of the forehead.
Inverted Triangle/Heart
This face shape has a narrow forehead and jaw. The face is angular and typically has prominent cheeks. Divert attention from angular features with a hairstyle that skims the cheekbones or adds fullness above or below the cheeks to balance. Create fullness to the forehead and chin areas. Keep hair close to the head at the sides. Do not lift the hair away from the sides at the cheekbone areas.
Diamond
This face shape features a narrow forehead and wide chin. Add softness in the hairstyle around the jawline and fullness above the eyes. Create width with volume in the forehead and crown areas. Create a soft band to disguise the forehead. Style the hair toward the chin and jaw areas.
Triangle/Pear
Facial zone ____ is between the hairline and eyebrow line
One
Facial zone ___ is between the eyebrow line and the tip of the nose.
Two
Facial zone ____ is between the tip of the nose and the chin
Three
____ lines are when horizontal lines and vertical lines meet at a 90° angle, creating a hard edge.
Contrasting
______ lines are usually curved lines that will blend, add movement and soften horizontal or vertical lines
Transitional
_____ lines are lines that gradually taper off into infinity, creating an effect similar to that when viewing the lines of a road disappearing in the distance.
Vanishing
_____ lines are curved inward in a bowl shape. The outer areas are cut longer than the inner areas.
Concave
_____ lines are curved outward in an arch shape. The outer areas are cut longer than the outer areas.
Convex
____ lines create endless design element variations. The creative combination of lines will produce a blending of the characteristics of all types of lines.
Combination
_____ lines are shattered, uneven lines that visually connect movement within a haircut. Texturizing is the main technique used to achieve these lines.
Disrupted
____ line is the angle at which you fingers are held to determine your end result.
Cutting
_____ lines are lines with a definite forward and backward movement.
Directional
A(n) _____ line is created by the elevation of degrees cut into the hair; for example, low to medium to high
Inclination
_____ scalp and hair are usually due to a lack of sebaceous glad activity, resulting in flaky, itchy, and slightly pink scalp.
Dry
____ scalp and hair are attributed to over-stimulated sebaceous glands and/or poor hygiene, diet, or use of improper cleansing products.
Oily
_____ hair is produced by a round or circular-shaped follicle
Straight
____ hair is produced by a large oval-shaped follicle
Wavy
____ hair is produced by a narrow oval or flat-shaped follicle.
Curly
____ porosity has an average amount of absorption, considering it to be in good condition.
Normal
_____ porosity is usually indicated by the combination of severe porosity on the ends with resistant or normal porosity on the mid-strand. This can be due to heavy use of heating tools, improper chemical services and/or irregular haircut visits.
Irregular
_____ porosity has the cuticle scales lying flat, making the amount of liquid absorbed minimal.
Resistant
______ porosity is when the cuticle scales are raised due to damage by either chemical services or use of harsh hair care tools.
Severe
____ elasticity on wet hair generally can be stretched 50% of its length or if hair is dry, usually 1/5 of its length
Average
___ elasticity hair will break easily due to the use of harsh hair care products or being over-processed
Low
This density has the most hair strands per square inch on the scalp
Thick/High
This density has an average amount of hair strands per square inch on the scalp
Medium
This density has a lesser amount of hair strands per square inch on the scalp
Thin/Low
This comb is usually designed with measurements from 1 inch to 6 inches indicated on the backbone of the comb. These markings are used to measure the different hair lengths.
Cutting comb
This comb is used to distribute, shape, and part the hair into sections. It is also used to weave strands for weave hair cutting.
Tail comb
This comb is perfect for working close to the head; has fine short teeth at one end and long coarse teeth at the other. It is also ideal for blending.
Tapered Hard Rubber Comb
This comb is the result of high tech design and materials, making it a favorite for precise parting and sectioning. The comb is designed for comfort , control and durability and is manufactured a variety of sizes.
Parting comb
This comb is especially designed with a long handle and widely-spaced teeth to comb deep lines and grooves into the hair.
Tail Rake Comb
This comb features teeth that are tapered to a point. This creates very wide spacing in the finished design. This is a great tool to add lift to curly hair or for use when dry cutting.
Rake Comb
This comb is specifically designed for use with clippers. The comb is constructed with long teeth that help clipper travel smoothly over the comb’s surface, creating a more uniform cut. When using a clipper-over-comb technique, this comb is an excellent tool for blending.
Clipper comb
Brush designed with short, synthetic, heat-resistant bristles. It features an aerated metal barrel that retains heat from the blow dryer, causing hair to curl faster.
Thermal Metal Round Brush
This brush is used with a blow dryer to add texture and curl to hair. Constructed with plastic, rubber, or wood handles and short, synthetic, heat-resistant bristles, the brush is also available with beaded tips to prevent scalp abrasions.
Plastic Round Brush
This brush works similar to a curling iron when forming hair around the metal base of the brush during blow drying. These natural bristles are softer than most synthetic bristles. Because they don’t cut into the hair when brushing, they halo polish the hair and prevent split ends.
Boar Bristle Round Brush
This brush is used for smoothing, shaping, and polishing hair; it is constructed of heat resistant synthetic materials. The rubber based back helps eliminate static electricity when used with a blow dryer.
Pin Type Brush
This brush features short, widely spaced bristles on one side for root lifting and volume, and longer bristles in the other side for hair distribution. Some styles have beaded bristles that help prevent split ends and scalp abrasions.
Double Back Vent Brush
This brush is constructed with wire bristles and beaded plastic tips to prevent scalp abrasions. It’s used to relax sets , brush out tangles before shampooing , and remove tangles after shampooing.
Cushioned Wire Vent Brush
When the melanocytes gradually become inactive. Production of melanin is slowed down, turning hair to a grey color that varies in pigment concentration. This typically occurs as the human body ages and/or because of genetics.
Acquired Canities
These canities can occur before or at birth. Albinism is the best example of melanin production slowing down or being totally absent.
Congenital Canities
Paraphenylenediamine (para-phe-ni-lene-i-dia-mine) and Pararoluenediamine (para-tol-u-ene-dia-mine) are the two types of dye molecules used in _____
Aniline Derivative Haircolors
These solutions contain more hydrogen ions. The products contract and harden the hair and have a sour taste.
Acidic solutions
These solutions contain a lesser amount of hydrogen ions. The products soften and swell the hair and have a bitter taste.
Alkaline
The natural pH of hair
4.5-5.5
pH of Hydrogen Peroxide
2.5-4.0
pH of temporary hair color
3.5-4.5
pH of distilled water
7
pH of permanent hair color
8.0-9.5
pH of lightener
10.0-10.5
pH of ammonia
11.5
____ is what gives color its color. The source can be natural, chemical, or mineral.
Pigment
_____ is known as a collection of two or more colors grouped together or mixed together to produce various moods, effects, and enhancements to natural hair color
Color scheme
_____ are colors next to each other on the color wheel; when used together in a grouping, they can achieve very dramatic effects. For example: blue, blue-green, and green.
Analogous Colors
The predominant tone of the color
Base Color
On hair color, the ____ represents the level of color
Number
On hair color, the ____ represents the series (color)
Letter
The _____ of developer is defined by the level of concentration and strength of hydrogen peroxide.
Volume
Three polypeptide chains twist around each other to form a ____
Protofibril
Nine protofibrils are packaged together as a ____
Bundle
Eleven bundles will produce a ____
Microfibril
Hundreds of microfibrils are cemented together in a fibrous protein bundle, known as a ____
Macrofibril
Consists of molecules that are very far apart
Gas
Consists of molecules that are close together (a component of gas)
Vapor
Consists of molecules that are very close together
Liquid
Consists of molecules that are closest together
Solid
Any substance made of one type of atom and cannot be chemically broken
Element
pH of hydroxide relaxers
13+
ph of thio relaxers
Approximately 10
ph of exothermic waves
9.0-9.8
ph of alkaline/cold waves
9.0-9.6
pH of ammonia free waves
7.0-9.6
pH of thio free waves
7.0-9.5
pH of acid/heat waves
4.5-7.0
The breaking of the disulfide bond
Reduction
When a chemical remains on the hair beyond the recommended processing time, producing dry and damaged hair
Over-processed
When a chemical does not remain on the hair long enough to produce the desired result.
Under-processed hair
The ability of the product to produce favorable results.
Efficacy
Disinfectants that destroy viruses, fungi and bacteria. They are EPA-registered
Broad-Spectrum Sterilizers
A strong steel vessel that is used for steam sterilization of tools or materials. Implements/tools are placed into the machine to destroy all bacteria.
Autoclave container
A cabinet where tools, such as combs, brushes, or nail implements, are stored after being cleaned and disinfected.
Ultraviolet Storage Container
The method used by living cells to process nutrient molecules and maintain a living state.
Cell metabolism
This tissue serves as a protective covering for the body’s surfaces and organs. Example: skin and membranes
Epithelial Tissue
Tissue that carries signals back and forth to the brain to coordinate and manage all bodily functions
Nerve Tissue
Tissue that contracts when stimulated to produce movement of body parts.
Muscular Tissue
Tissue that is a supporting protective layer that surrounds other tissue and organs. Specialized ones include bones, cartilage, ligaments, blood, and fat.
Connective Tissue
This tissue is blood and lymph that carry waste, hormones, and food throughout the body
Liquid tissue
The study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues of plants and animals
Histology
A thin membrane around the cytoplasm of a cell that controls passage of substances in and out of the cell; it can also be called the “cell wall”
Cell Membrane
The watery material found between the cell membrane and the nuclear membrane. This contains substances that aid cellular growth and repair.
Cytoplasm
The central part of the cell, separated by the nuclear membrane that contains DNA and RNA, which is responsible for growth and reproduction.
Nucleus
The control center of the body
Brain
Multi-chambered, muscular organ that maintains the flow of blood through the entire circulatory system.
Heart
Two sac-like respiratory organs, which remove carbon dioxide from the blood while providing it with oxygen
Lungs
Consists of membranous tissue, which covers the body and protects all internal structures.
Skin
The principal organs for digesting food.
Stomach and intestines
The organ(s) that maintain proper water and electrolyte balance and eliminate waste from the bloodstream.
Kidneys
Secretes bile, a substance that aids in the digestion and absorption of fats. This organ is active in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins and helps to detoxify the body of poisons.
Liver
A group of interacting or interdependent structures within the body that act together to perform a specific function.
Body systems
This gland controls most every physiological process throughout the human body. It is responsible for growth, metabolism, sexual organ functions (for both men and women), contractions during childbirth, breast milk production, and blood pressure.
Pituitary gland
This gland controls how quickly the body burns energy (metabolism), makes proteins, and how sensitive the body should be to other hormones.
Thyroid Gland
The scientific study of the anatomy, structure, and function of bones
Osteology
The physical foundation of the body; it is composed of 206 bones that are connected by movable and immovable joints.
Skeletal System
The single largest and strongest facial bone that forms the lower jaw.
Mandible
Refers to the cheekbones consisting of two bones, one on each side of the face, that form the upper part of the cheek and the lower part of the eye socket.
Zygomatic
The small, thin bones located at the front inner wall of the eye sockets.
Lacrimal
Consists of two bones that form the upper jaw
Maxilla
Consists of two bones that form the bridge of the nose
Nasal bone
The two spongy, spiral-shaped bones that form the inside walls of the nasal passage.
Turbinal/Turbinate
The two spongy, spiral-shaped bones that form the inside walls of the nasal passage.
Turbinal/Turbinate
The two spongy, spiral-shaped bones that form the inside walls of the nasal passage.
Turbinal/Turbinate
The two spongy, spiral-shaped bones that form the inside walls of the nasal passage.
Turbinal/Turbinate
A flat bone that forms the center of the nasal septum. The septum divides the nostrils.
Vomer
A wedge-shaped bone that joins all the bones of the cranium.
Sphenoid
Forms the roof of the mouth or the palate.
Palatine
Calcified connective tissue made up of bone cells in various shapes. The hardest tissue in the body, except for the tissue that forms the major parts of the teeth.
Bones
The hinges that hold the skeletal system together by connecting two or more bones. They can be movable, such as the knees and elbows. Others have no movement, like those located in the skull.
Joints
Bands of cord-like tissue that support the joints, which connect the bones to one another. These are important because they provide support for the muscles and nerves, which permit movement of the body.
Ligaments
Consist of seven bones that make up the portion of the spinal column located in the neck.
Cervical vertebrae
A horseshoe- shaped bone located in the throat at the base of the tongue, also known as the Adam’s Apple
Hyoid
A long bone, sometimes known as the collarbone, and is located at the upper part of the chest; connects the sternum and the scapula.
Clavicle
A long, flat bone connecting and supporting the ribs; also known as the breast bone.
Sternum
Consists of two large, flat bones that form the back part of the shoulder blades.
Scapula
Twelve pairs of bones that are located on the lower part of the thorax
Ribs
The bones located between the neck and abdomen, commonly known as the chest.
Thorax/Thoracic Cage
The involuntary heart muscle, which produces movements to pump blood through the circulatory system.
Cardiac Muscle
A group of three separate muscles, which are attached to the cartilage, found on the external part of the ear.
Auricularis
Muscle located in front of the ear and can move the ear forward
Anterior Muscle
Muscle located behind the ear and can move the ear backward.
Posterior Muscle
Muscle located at the top of the ear and can move the ear upward.
Superior Muscle
The muscle located between the eyebrows and pulls the eyebrows downward and wrinkles vertically
Corrugator Muscle
The muscle that surrounds the entire eye socket, which allows the eyelid to close and open.
Orbicularis Oculi Muscle
The muscle located at the bridge of the nose between the eyebrows. This muscle pulls the eyebrows down, causing wrinkling in that area.
Procerus Muscle
The muscles located at the outside of the corner of the mouth that pull the mouth up and back; creating a smile
Zygomaticus Major and Minor Muscles
The muscle that elevates the upper lip and flairs the nostrils.
Levator Labii Superioris Muscle
The muscle located at the corner of the mouth and pulls the mouth up and out, creating a grin.
Risorius Muscle
This muscle lies above the orbicularis oris and helps to lift the upper lips to produce a snarling expression
Levator Anguli Oris Muscle/Caninus Muscle
The muscle in the cheek that aids in closing the jaw during chewing.
Masseter Muscle
A thin, flat muscle located between the upper and lower jaw that compresses the cheek for blowing and chewing
Buccinator Muscle
A band of flat muscle encompassing the entire mouth. This muscle is used in blowing, puckering, or whistling.
Orbicularis Oris Muscle
A long muscle stretching from the corner of the mouth to the chin that will pull the mouth down, expressing sadness or despair.
Triangularis Muscle
The muscle located below the lower lip and lowers it down and/or to the side, showing an expression of sarcasm
Depressor Labii Inferioris Muscle
The muscle located at the tip of the chin, elevates the lower lip and wrinkles the chin.
Mentalis Muscle
The masseter and temporalis work with both the lateral and medial _____ muscles to chew
Pteryoid
A flat, triangular muscle that runs from the upper back to the back of the neck. This muscle moves the head back, rotates the shoulders and swings the arms.
Trapezius
A major muscle that stretches across the front of the upper chest, enabling arms to swing
Pectoralis
The system that controls the steady circulation of blood through the body. It includes the heart, blood vessels, lymph capillaries, and the blood itself.
Circulatory/Cardiovascular System
An iron supporting protein, containing hemoglobin, which is responsible for the red color of blood due to its attraction and delivery of oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues. Also known as erythrocytes red corpuscles.
Red blood cells
Large cells with no color, but play a necessary role in protecting the body against infection by attacking harmful microorganisms. Also known as white corpuscles or leukocytes.
White blood cells
Consists of approximately 90% water and is the yellowish fluid part of the blood that contains the red and white blood cells and platelets.
Plasma
The largest artery in the body
Aorta
The small arteries that carry blood to capillaries
Arterioles
Very tiny blood vessels that connect the arteries and the veins
Capillaries
Small vessels that connect the capillaries veins.
Venules
The left atrium and ventricle are separated by the _______
Mitral/Bicuspid valve
The right atrium and ventricle are separated by the ______
Tricuspid Valve
Consists of the pulmonary arteries and veins and sends the blood from the heart to the lungs for purification, then back to the heart
Pulmonary Circulation
The process of sending blood from the heart to circulate throughout the body then returning it back to the heart
General/Systemic circulation
Helps the blood flow to the nose, internal ear, eyes, eyelids, forehead, and brain
Internal Carotid Artery
Helps blood flow to the neck, face, ear, sides of head, and front parts of the scalp
External Carotid Artery
Delivers blood to the upper eyelids and forehead
Supraorbital Artery
Delivers blood to the eye muscles
Infraorbital Artery
Delivers blood to the scalp and muscles of the crown and back of head
Occipital Artery
Delivers blood to the skin and scalp area
Posterior Auricular Artery
Supplies blood to the front sides and top of the head
Superficial Temporal Artery
Delivers blood to the upper eyelids and forehead
Frontal artery
Delivers blood to the sides and crown of head
Parietal Artery
Delivers blood to the cheek muscles and skin
Transverse Facial Artery
Delivers blood to the temples
Middle Temporal Artery
Delivers blood to the front area of the ears
Anterior Auricular Artery
Delivers blood to the lower area of the face
Facial/External Maxillary Artery
Delivers blood to the chin and bottom lip
Submental Artery
Delivers blood to the bottom lip
Inferior Labial Artery
Delivers blood to the sides of the nose
Angular Artery
Delivers blood to the top lip and septum
Superior Labial Artery
The vein that extends into the face, head, and along the sides to the base of the neck
Internal Jugular Vein
The vein that stretches alongside of the neck, expanding into the head area
External Jugular Vein
The system that consists of the spinal cord, spinal nerves, brain, and cranial nerves
Central Nervous System
The system that consists of a group of nerves and nerve cells, connecting every part of the body to the central nervous system
Peripheral Nervous System
The system that regulates involuntary oft functions, such as those of the heart and intestines. This system can be divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic, which perform in opposition to control heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure.
Autonomic Nervous System
A nerve cell, or ____, is a basic working unit that transmits impulses to other areas of the body, such as muscles, glands, etc.
Neuron
The center of the nerve cell
Nucleus
Small fibers extending from the cell body that receive messages going into the nerve cell
Dendrites
A thread-like addition from the nerve cell body that sends impulses outward to other muscles or glands
Axon
Tree-like fibers that extend out from the end of an axon and nearly touch other nerve cells, muscles, or glands
Terminals/Synapses
_________ fibers branch from the nervous system, regulating the function of the suderiferous and sebaceous glands. These nerve fibers may be activated through stress, bodily activity, or environmental temperatures.
Secretory Nerve
The body’s automatic response to stimulus
Reflexes
The largest cranial nerve. It is the major facial sensory nerve and is responsible for the muscle movement for chewing (masseter muscle)
Fifth Cranial Nerve/Trifacial/Trigeminal Nerve
______ nerve area consists of the eye region or the top 1/3 of the face and head
Ophthalmic
______ nerve area consists of the upper jaw bone, nose, and cheek region or middle 1/3 of the face
Maxillary
______ nerve area consists of the lower jaw region or lower 1/3 of the face and head.
Mandibular
______ nerve expands into the skin of the scalp, forehead, eyebrows, and upper eyelids
Supraorbital
____ nerve expands into the skin of the upper sides of the nose and between the eyes
Supratrochlear
_____ nerve expands into the skin and membrane of the nose.
Infratrochlear
____ nerve expands into the skin of the tip and lower sides of the nose.
Nasal
_____ nerve expands into the muscles of the upper area of the cheek
Zygomatic
_____ nerve expands into the skin of the mouth, top lip, sides of the nose, and lower eyelids
Infraorbital
________ nerve expands into the skin of the temple into the top of the skull and ear region.
Auriculotemporal
_____ nerve expands into the skin of the bottom lip and chin area
Mental
_____ nerve involves the muscles of the temples, upper cheeks, eyelids, eyebrows, and forehead.
Temporal Nerve
____ nerve involves the muscles around the mouth
Buccal
______ nerve involves the muscles of the bottom lip and chin
Mandibular
______ nerves involve the platysma muscle and both sides of the neck
Cervical
________ nerve involves the upper part of the Occipitalis muscle located at the back of the head.
Greater Occipital
_____ nerve involves the lower part of the Occipitalis muscle located at the back of the head and ears.
Smaller Occipital
______ nerve involves the sides of the neck and bottom of the ears.
Greater Auricular
_______ nerve involves the sides and front of the neck and the sternum
Cervical Cutaneous
These glands are located throughout the body, but are numerous on the face, palms, and feet. They are activated by heat or bodily activity. They secrete sweat/perspiration.
Eccrine Glands
Glands located in the armpits and pubic area, and are activated by stress and/or puberty. Their glandular secretions are similar to sweat but a little thicker, creating a distinct body odor.
Apocrine Glands
The thin layer of sebum and sweat that provides the skin a barrier in helping to resist dirt and germs from entering the body. It is acidic in pH, ranging from 4.5-5.5. It protects and nourishes the skin, creating softness and pliability.
Acid Mantle
A major fibrous protein that maintains the skin’s firmness and form. It provides structural support by holding all other tissues together within the dermis. The fibers are weakened by moisture loss, excessive sun exposure, age, and weight fluctuation.
Collagen
______ tissues are yellowish, elastic protein fibers that are interwoven with collagen fibers to provide the skin’s overall stretch. This tissue assists the skin’s flexibility in regaining its shape after repeated stretching or “wear-and-tear” on the skin.
Elastin
Unstable molecules that cause wrinkling and sagging of the skin
Free Radicals
_______ rays penetrate deep into the dermis of the skin and are considered responsible for increased skin aging and wrinkling. These are “aging” rays that penetrate glass and exposure is year-round, even in the winter and on cloudy days.
Ultraviolet-A (UVA)
_____ rays are the strongest, penetrating into the epidermis. They are considered responsible for tanning or burning of the skin, depending on the length of exposure time and melanin production. These “burning” rays pose the risk of causing skin damage and/or possible skin cancer.
Ultraviolet-B (UVB)
An over-direction of the tiny blood vessels, which produce a flushing, swollen, and broken blood vessel appearance to the face.
Telangiectasias
An advanced condition of rosacea, producing papules and pustules that may contain pus. This skin disorder is sensitive, painful, and may be aggravated by certain foods, extreme temperature changes, nicotine and alcoholic beverages.
Acne Rosacea
________ means the product has been designed and proven not to clog the follicles.
Noncomedogenic
The most common type of non-contagious allergic reaction. It is caused by exposure to alkaline materials, such as soaps and chemicals. It’s characterized by itching, rash, inflammation, or blisters. In severe cases, it can burn and cause pain, leading to long term damage to the skin.
Irritant Contact Dermatitis
A chronic non-contagious skin disorder that appears as rough, dry, red patches covered with silvery-white scales or crusts and is caused by an over-production of the stratum corneum skin cells.
Psoriasis
Small, prominent, solid lumps enclosed within the epidermis that may extend into the dermis.
Tubercules
A solid bump larger than one centimeter that can be easily felt. They generally appear having an inflamed base, which may be painful.
Nodule
A closed, abnormally developed sac containing fluid, pus, and morbid matter. They can be located above and below the skin’s surface.
Cyst
An abnormal solid mass or lump varying in size, shape, and color. This refers to any abnormal mass that can consist of a liquid or semi-solid material of bacteria, white blood cells, and dead skin cells. They’re either located in the epidermis or penetrate into the dermis and may be benign or malignant.
Tumor
The flow of electrical current or change
Electricity
A “switch” that automatically shuts off the flow of electricity at the first signs of an overload.
Circuit Breaker
A device that switches AC (alternating current) to DC (direct current)
Converter
The flow of positive and negative electric currents from a generating source through a conductor and back to the generating source.
Complete Electric Current
A term used to promote electrical safety, which means the electrical current is safely carried away from you to the ground.
Grounding
The currents used during electrical facial and scalp treatments. The most common are Galvanic Current and Tesla High Frequency Current.
Modalities
Low level electrical currents that are similar to the electrical currents produced by the human body.
Microcurrents
Electrotherapy method where the guest holds the electrode while you manually touch the area and continue the treatment.
Indirect Method
The electrotherapy method where you place the electrode directly on the skin; your guest holds and/or touches nothing.
Direct Method
The electrotherapy method where only your guest holds the electrode and you start the electric current, but you do not touch your guest.
General Method
True or False?
The use of Tesla High Frequency Current should not be used on any guest who has blocked sinuses, high blood pressure, epilepsy, is pregnant, or if their body contains anything metal, such as implants or a pacemaker.
True
(Galvanic Current Process) The positive pole that is controlled by the licensed professional.
Active Electrode
(Galvanic Current Process) The negative pole that is held by your guest.
Inactive Electrode
______ uses the positive pole to produce temporary effects on the area being treated
Cataphoresis
_______ uses the negative pole to produce temporary effects on the area being treated
Anaphoresis
______ uses the anaphoresis process on oily or acne prone skin. The alkaline solution, along with the electric current, will liquefy the sebum and dirt to aid in removal. This treatment provides a deep tissue cleansing by helping break up the dirt and hardened sebum located in the pores or hair follicles, which can create acne.
Desincrustation
The distance between each repeated light wave’s crest
Wavelength
The light therapy treatment that involves rapid light flashes to improve blood circulation, activate tissue healing, and reduce redness.
Light Emitting Diode (LED)
A color component located within the skin, such as blood or melanin; the colors that LED lights search for. When found, a reaction occurs like reducing bacteria or stimulating circulation.
Chromaphores
A type of light therapy that uses a variety of colors and broad spectrum wavelengths of focused light to achieve the desired result. It is used to treat conditions like spider veins, rosacea, redness, wrinkles, hypertrichosis, and hyperpigmentation. These treatments are only provided with qualified medical supervision.
Intense Pulse Light
A type of UVB Light Therapy that is an effective treatment for skin infections. It penetrates the skin and slows the growth of affected skin cells. Treatment involves regularly exposing the skin to an artificial UVB light source for a specific length of time.
Phototherapy
________ skin is characterized by the dilation of small blood vessels appearing at the surface of the skin. The small blood vessels or capillaries are weakened by expanding but not contracting back to normal size; therefore they appear more defined and easily seen through the skin.
Couperose
A colorless, sweet, oily substance that is added to moisturizers to provide added slip and moisturizing properties.
Glycerin
A triangular, large muscle, which covers the shoulder joint, allowing the arm to move outward and back into the body’s side.
Deltoid
Muscles form the shape of the top and inner side of the upper arm. They raise the forearm and bend the elbow.
Bicep
A large, muscle that wraps around the entire back of the upper arm and assists in extending the forearm
Tricep
The muscle that moves toes and helps to maintain balance while standing and walking
Flexor Digitorum Brevis
Nails with a concave depression in the middle of the nail; nail plate edges turn up; caused by genetics, illness, or nerve disorders
Koilonychia/Spoon Nail
Nail slowly deteriorates, nail gets smaller and falls off; caused by internal disease or injury to matrix
Onychatrophia/Atrophy
Nail plate develops an abnormal thickening in width, not length; caused by genetics, injury, aging, or a systemic problem
Onychauxis/Hypertrophy
Complete shedding of the nail plate, starting with a groove at the base of the nail; caused by local infection, cancer treatments, or nail bed injury
Onychomadesis
Nail plate edges fold down into the nail walls at a 90 degree angle, either on one or both sides; caused by shoe pressure, nail bed deformity, genetics, or ingrown nail
Plicatured Nail/Folded Nail
Brown or black ‘splinters’ under the nail plate; caused by injury to the nail bed that causes damage to the capillaries
Splinter hemorrhage
Edges of nail plate fold inward as nail grows, sometimes curling in completely, giving nail a cone shape; caused by improper shoe fit, genetics, or nail bed deformity
Trumpet/Pincer Nail
A small, hard flesh-colored or red lump under or beside the nail; caused by infection in epidermal layer of skin, caused by a virus, and is infectious
Verruca/Wart
