Terminology Flashcards
1
Q
The Restoration (religion and politics)
A
- 1660-1700
- Restoration of the monarchy after Cromwell dies
- Begins with the crowning of King Charles II
- ends the uncertainty from the Interregnum
- the Church is also re-solidified –> dissent against Anglicanism no longer allowed
- non-conformists barred politically, socially, and economically
2
Q
1649
A
- the execution of King Charles I by “people’s choice”
3
Q
1688
A
- The Glorious Revolution
4
Q
The Execution of King Charles I
A
- public execution of a monarch
- Charles wanted absolute power (none to Parliament)
- Oliver Cromwell, parliamentarian, challenged him
- defeat him in bloody battle, imprison him, he refuses to repent
- executed in public
5
Q
The Glorious Revolution
A
- Bloodless Revolution
- “Glorious” is propaganda; James is forced to flee out of fear that he will meet a similar end as Charles I did
- Kicking out of King James I, a Catholic sympathizer (forced abdication)
- Replacement of James with co-regnant Mary and her husband William of Orange (Protestants)
- ushers in a period of stability
6
Q
Oliver Cromwell
A
- Puritan and Parliamentarian
- brings Charles I to his end as king
- restores power to Parliament
- titled “Lord Protector”
- acts like a king with all of his power, but breaks the idea of divine right
- his son is supposed to succeed him like a king, and the people refuse to accept him, preferring instead an actual monarchical heir/lineage
7
Q
Royalists v parliamentarians
A
- came to a head before the Interregnum with the English Civil War
- fought over the governance of England
- Royalists saw divine right of kings, parliamentarians desired power of their own (government versus ancestry and lineage)
8
Q
Religion in Great Britain
A
- Catholicism dominant in England during early to mid-1500s
- Series of monarchs came after him that sought to promote their own personal religious beliefs, thereby destabilizing the Church
- In 1550s-1600s the Church of England (COE) tried to become universal church in all of England
- COE is Anglican
- destabilized during the English Civil War
- Church restored to power during Charles II’s reign
- Non-Anglicans/dissenters/nonconformists (someone like Alexander Pope) was barred from social and economic functions in England due to lack of Anglicanism
9
Q
Acts of Union
A
- 1706 and 1707
- unified Scotland and England
- ushered in political stability, increased populations in cities, creation of “civil society,” dissemination of printed works
- greater global economy and trade
10
Q
English Civil War
A
- 1640s to 1650s
- strife between Royalists and Parliamentarians
- Ends with the death of King Charles I
- political strife, though, is still present after
- destabilized the Church of England
11
Q
The Interregnum
A
- literally means “between kings”
- 1649-1660
- period of instability after the death of King Charles I and the crowning of King Charles II (aka, the beginning of the Restoration)
- a period of time when Oliver Cromwell grabs power
12
Q
The Restoration (changes/beliefs)
A
- growth of science, empiricism, and reason
- reexamining of people’s place in the world with the microscope
- greater focus on the arts
- the battle between ancients and moderns (old beliefs and traditions versus new ideas)
- science increased electricity and industry boomed
- growth of an object-centric lifestyle in the middle class
- greater attention to the INDIVIDUAL
13
Q
Natural Religion
A
- an ideology that grew during the Restoration
- idea that the natural machinations of the universe (stars, planets, gravity, etc.) are proof of a God
14
Q
The English Bill of Rights
A
- 1689
- By Mary and William
- limits the powers of the crown
- helps to secure stability in Britain
- freedom of worship re-granted to dissenters
15
Q
Whigs versus Tories
A
- Whigs: liberalism; individualism; wealth
- Tories: loyalists; pro-Stuart dynasty; conservatism; church; divine right of kings
16
Q
Literary Production in 1700s
A
- increase of publishing due to the lack of censorship
- growth of wealthy writers
- novel largely a female profession
- reading more common (increased literacy)
17
Q
Literary styles: The Restoration
A
- refined works
- elegant simplicity
- upholding the “morally good” and “morally right”
- mixture of the ancient and the modern
- noble, antiquated content
18
Q
Literary Styles: 1700s-1745
A
- Augustan period
- massive increase of satires
- wider-reading public
- using satire to call out what is WRONG in English society
- often more anti-innovation and anti-modernity
19
Q
Literary Styles: 1745-1785
A
- Romantic period
- Revolutionary ideas
- domination of prose over poetry
- Medieval revival
20
Q
Horatian Satire
A
- “classical satire”
- light and humorous
- gentle ridicule of the subject
- defined by its cleverness and its wit
21
Q
Juvenalian Satire
A
- “angry satire”
- dark and bitter satire
- explicit and absurd metaphors to expose the subject to ridicule
- Jonathan Swift’s works are this style
- Aims to enrage the reader
- an attack on the subject matter
22
Q
Menippean Satire
A
- satire on all aspects of society, not just one thing
- Jonathan Swift’s “Gulliver’s Travels” is an example of this, written in the “Juvenalian Satire” Style, though
23
Q
Liberty in 18th Century Britain
A
- growth of people’s focus on the concept of liberty at this time
- some saw is extending to all people, others saw it extending to Britons only
- Free press expanded, and literature took on a new sense of originality, imagination, and freedom (compared with France whose writers adhered to strict rules and formulas)
- this discussion of liberty failed to extend to the enslaved population, although increased commentary on liberty gave people a chance to speak out against the inhumanity of the institution
24
Q
King Charles II
A
- his reign marked the beginning of The Restoration in the 1660s
- a Catholic sympathizer
- reign also marked a cultural renaissance
- wanted power consolidated Royally rather than in Parliament
- dissolves Parliament in 1680, thereby creating Whigs and Tories
- dies in 1685
25
Q
The French Revolution (causes)
A
- 18th century sees massive population growth and industry boom
- Government is also broke from American Revolution
- 1770s there is less equity and greater economic stagnation
- massive increase in poor, failure of agriculture to support the population, no food
26
Q
The French Revolution
A
- 1789-1799
- fought on principles of liberal democracy and Lockean philosophy; it is the Enlightenment being put into actual practice via Revolution
- Begins with Storming of the Bastille (release of political prisoners)
- Execution of King and Queen in 1793-1794
- Reign of Terror sees a negative shift away from values of enlightenment to brutality
- Reworking of France to create a secular state: new calendar, Churches replaced with Temples of Reason
27
Q
Property
A
- Locke’s philosophy on property transforms property into a major topic in England
- property and anything and everything you own, not just your land
- property hangings/property crimes become major –> any property stolen is met with capital punishment
- leads to massive increase in social, public, and sensationalized hangings
28
Q
Ethos
A
- based on ethics and credibility (AUTHORITY)
- instilling trust in an audience/readership through credible and ethical sourcing
- argument based on ethics/credibility
- EX: a product endorsed by a celebrity
29
Q
Pathos
A
- emotion and imagination
- argument based on emotion
- EX: a product sold through evocation of fear or pity, like a dog about to be put down to get people to adopt
30
Q
Logos
A
- logic and reason
- argument made by appealing to logic, reason, and/or facts
- EX: a product sold by sharing statistics about it’s success rate amongst customers
31
Q
Syntax
A
organization of a sentence
32
Q
Diction
A
word choice
33
Q
Latinate syntax
A
- sentence structure derived from Latin writing
- organized (Often) with the verb coming before the subject
- reorganization in this way may help to imbue a certain word or a certain part of the sentence with more importance than normal
34
Q
The Enlightenment
A
- intellectual and philosophical movement
- Locke was major part of it
- valued reason
- critique of superstitious and mystical beliefs in the bible
- critique of the slow separation of church and state
- pro-choice, rather than being forced to believe in something (like religion)
- belief in progress
- William Blake sees the Enlightenment as incomplete (missing a certain amount of vision and imagination)
35
Q
Pastoral
A
- usually poem
- mixes pasture (land, rural) with pastor (religion)
- utilizes idyllic scenes of origin, purity, and innocence through nature
36
Q
The Romantic Period (general traits of the time period)
A
- 1785-1832
- centered around Romantic Literature as a genre; was a Romantic Revival of Medieval Romances
- political unrest and revolution across the ENTIRE GLOBE (America, France, Haiti, English industrial and agricultural revolutions) at this time was met with Romantic imagination
- most prolific period of writing in England
- also a time of greater division between upper and lower classes, more enclosures, more unemployment, increasing population
37
Q
1735-1832
A
- The Romantic Period
38
Q
Womanhood during the Romantic Period in England
A
- with revolutionary ideas from elsewhere seeping in, England promoted the importance of the “home front,” something worth protecting
- women’s inferiority was impressed on them, but from this the woman’s private life becomes a crucial part of the preservation of the nation’s welfare
- this creates a certain female patriot
39
Q
Poetry During the Romantic Period
A
- poetry a MAJOR medium
- emphasis on Medievalism and anti-Neoclassicism
- new Nationalism growing
- acceptance that human perceptions of the world VARIED (no single, universal experience) –> poems were specific to the internality of the poet themselves
- Self-referential poems, use of “I”
- poetry believed to come about naturally and spontaneously rather than through intensely pre-formed practice
- glorification of the ordinary
- Observing the supernatural, abnormal, and the unsettling
40
Q
Prose During the Romantic Period
A
- extremely popular (though, still less so than POETRY)
- a feminized form of reading; believed to produce dangerous views on life for women and readers in general
- 1814, though, sees a SHIFT! –> Jane Austen an example of this; she threatens the previous monopoly poetry had in the markets and the minds/psyches of the people
41
Q
The Royal Society
A
- London institution established during English Civil War as attempted refuge during political instability
- received formal charter / recognition from King Charles II
- Science (aka, knowledge) at the forefront; turning away from blind acceptance of what their ancestors discovered and looking forward to a new world of science dictated by their own findings, discoveries, and experiments
- Promoting that in the public sphere, sharing it
- Problematic goal because Christianity said that humans are natural-born sinners, but The Royal Society sought to improve human beings through science and knowledge
