Terminologies in Introduction to Pharmcology

Question 1

Important 5 R’s to Medication Administration

Answer 1

Right Patient
Right Drug
Right Dose
Right Route
Right Time

Question 2

Definition of Terms

Answer 2

Pharmacology - study of drugs; interactions encompasses the physical chemical properties, biochemical and physiologic effects.

Clinical Pharmacology - study of drugs in humans.

Pharmacotherapeutics - use of drugs to diagnose, prevent, and/or treat disease.

Question 3

Ethical Considerations in Medication

Answer 3

Autonomy - (patient) the right to make their own decision about their medical care. (nurse) the ability to act according to one’s knowledge and judgement for providing care.

Beneficence - duty to protect and support the right of others.
>Informed consent
>Risk-benefit ratio

Justice - fair and balanced.

Question 4

What is drug and it’s properties?

Answer 4

Drug - any chemicals that affect living processes.

Properties of an Ideal drug:
> Effectiveness
> Reversible Action
> Safety
> Predictability
> Selectivity
> Ease of Administration

Question 5

Drug Names

Answer 5

Chemical name - describe drugs chemical structure

Generic name - not owned by any company

Trade/Brand name - registered as trademark

Question 6

What is OTC or Over-The-Counter drug?

Answer 6

• it may be purchased without prescription. And also, it is believed that drugs found to be safe and more appropriate for use without a direct prescription of the HCP (health care provider).

Question 7

Health Teaching tips:

Answer 7

1. Read the instructions on the label.
2. Don’t take for a longer time and/or higher doses than the label states.
3. Each persons’ response may be different.
4. Avoid purchasing online.
5. Do not guess dosing for children.

Question 8

What is PRN, and what does it mean making ‘PRN’ decisions?

Answer 8

PRN “pro re nata” in Latin phrase meaning as needed.
- PRN medication order in which the nurse has discretion regarding when to give the drug, and in some cases, how much to give. However, the person must be fully knowledgeable about the drug and the effects of it, and assess the patient fully and carefully to know how much to give and when.

Question 9

What is Pharmacokinetics and it’s processes?

Answer 9

Pharmacokinetics - study of the movement of the drug throughout the body. And has a 4 processes include;
1. Absorption
2. Distribution
3. Metabolism
4. Excretion

Question 10

First phase: Absorption

Answer 10

• transmission of medications from location of administration to the blood stream.
  > the rate of medication absorption; how soon the drug will take effect
  > amount of medication absorbed; determines its intensity
  > route of administration; affects the rate and amount of absorption

Question 11

Absorption [Routes]
What is Enteral and Parenteral?

Answer 11

Enteral route - drugs is absorbed from gastrointestinal tract.
> sublingual, buccal, oral, and rectal

Parenteral route - drugs given by routes other than the digestive tract.
> subcutaneous (SC/SQ), intradermal (ID), intravenous (IV), and intramuscular (IM)

Question 12

Second phase: Distribution

Answer 12

• how a substance is spread throughout the body. It may be influenced by two main factors: diffusion and convection.
• the goal is to achieve the effective drug concentration and not be protein-bound in order to be active.

Question 13

Third Phase: Metabolism/ Biotransformation

Answer 13

• may occur in multiple areas throughout the body, such as the gastrointestinal tract, skin, plasma, kidneys, or lungs, but the majority of metabolism is through phase I and phase II reactions in the liver.
  > Phase I reactions generally transform substances into polar metabolites by oxidation allowing conjugation reactions of Phase II to take place.

Question 14

Fourth phase: Excretion

Answer 14

• the process by which the drug is eliminated from the body. The kidneys most commonly conduct the excretion, but there is some other drugs that is via, the lungs, skin or GI tract.

Question 15

What is Pharmacodynamics?

Answer 15

• describes the intensity of a drug effect in relation to its concentration in a body fluid, usually at the site of drug action. It can be simplified to ‘what the drug does to the body’.

Question 16

Receptor Theory

Answer 16

• AGONIST, capable of binding to and functionally activating a target
• ANTAGONIST, binds to a target and prevents others (e.g., agonists) from binding.
• PARTIAL AGONIST, binds to a target but does not possess the ability to functionally activate the receptor fully.

Question 17

Drug effects

Answer 17

• Therapeutic effect, preferred and expected effect.
• Side effects, usually expected and inevitable when medication is given.
• Adverse effects, undesired, inadvertent, and unexpected dangerous effects of medication.
• Toxic effect, medications can have specific risks and manifestation of toxicity.

Question 18

What is a Telephone order?

Answer 18

• Nurses may accept physician orders via telephone from office personnel designated by the physician. In receiving orders from physician offices, nurses are responsible for recognizing the appropriateness of the order with respect to the plan of care, and for implementing the order or obtaining clarification.

Question 19

Controlled substances

Answer 19

Schedule 1 - high abuse potential with no accepted medical use; may not be prescribed
Schedule 2 - high abuse potential with severe medication dependency; may be prescribed
Schedule 3 - intermediate abuse potential more than schedule 4
Schedule 4 - abuse potential less than schedule 2
Schedule 5 - medications with the least potential for abuse

Question 20

Philippines Laws

Answer 20

RA no. 6675 - The generics act of 1988
RA no. 9502 - Universally acceptable cheaper and quality medicines act of 2008 (amendment of RA 5921)
RA no. 9165 - Comprehensive dangerous drugs act of 2002