terminologies Flashcards
Beliefs
Tenets or convictions that people hold to be true
Culture
The shared beliefs, practices, and material objects of a group of people
Ideal culture
The standards a society would like to embrace and live up to
Real culture
The way society really is based on what actually occurs and exists
Sanctions
Rewards or punishments for accepted behavior; a way to authorize or formally disapprove of certain behaviors
Social control
A way to encourage conformity to cultural norms
Values
A culture’s standard for discerning what is good and just in society
Folkways
Direct, appropriate behavior in the day-to-day practices and expressions of a culture
Formal norms
Established, written rules agreed upon to suit and serve the most people, such as laws and regulations
Informal norms
Casual behaviors generally conformed to by society, based on shared values and beliefs
Mores
The moral views and principles of a group, often carrying serious consequences if violated
Norms
The visible and invisible rules of conduct through which societies are structured
Culture shock
Feelings of uncertainty, confusion, or anxiety when experiencing a new culture or surroundings
Material culture
The physical objects, resources, and spaces that people use to define their culture
Nonmaterial culture
The intangible aspects of culture, including beliefs, practices, and values
Society
A group of people who live in a definable community and share cultural components
Types of Society
Preindustrial, Industrial, and Postindustrial societies based on technological advancement
Hunter-Gatherer
A society that relies on hunting animals and gathering plants for survival
Pastoral
A society that relies on the domestication of animals for food, clothing, and transportation
Horticultural
A society based on cultivating plants in small-scale farming
Agricultural
A society that uses advanced farming techniques and tools for large-scale food production
Feudal
A society structured around land ownership, where peasants work for lords in exchange for protection
Industrial society
A society characterized by technological advancements and mass production
Postindustrial society
A society based on the production and distribution of information and services
Bureaucracy
A formal organization characterized by a hierarchy of authority, explicit rules, and division of labor
Social class
A division of society based on power, wealth, and social standing
Marxist theory of health
Belief that health and illness are influenced by capitalist social organization
Biomedical approach
Combining biology and medicine to understand and treat health issues
Capitalism
An economic system where private individuals or businesses own capital goods
Communism
A system where land, factories, and wealth are collectively owned
Feminism
A movement advocating for equal rights and opportunities across all genders
Functionalism
A theory that all aspects of a society serve a purpose for its survival
Medicalization
The process in which conditions and behaviors are labeled and treated as medical issues
Political economy perspective
Examines how political institutions and economic systems influence each other
Social constructionism
A theory that knowledge and societal norms are shaped by cultural and historical contexts
Socialists
Advocates for shared ownership of resources and access to basic life necessities for all
Primary groups
Small, close-knit groups with enduring relationships
Secondary groups
Larger, impersonal groups focused on specific goals or tasks
Reference groups
Groups used as a standard for self-evaluation and comparison
Dyad
A two-member social group with significant interactions
Triad
A three-member social group with increased complexity in relationships
Authoritarian leader
A leader who issues orders and assigns tasks with strict control
Democratic leader
A leader who encourages group participation and consensus-building
Laissez-faire leader
A hands-off leader who allows members to make decisions independently
Instrumental leader
A goal-oriented leader focused on accomplishing tasks
Expressive leader
A leader concerned with ensuring emotional well-being of the group
Iron rule of oligarchy
A theory that organizations are ruled by a few elites rather than collaboration
Meritocracy
A system where membership and advancement are based on proven skills and abilities
Utilitarian organizations
Organizations that provide financial benefits to members, such as businesses and factories
Normative organizations
Organizations joined to pursue shared interests or intangible rewards, such as charities
Coercive organizations
Organizations people do not voluntarily join, such as prisons or mental hospitals
Explicit rules
Rules in a bureaucracy that are outlined, recorded, and standardized
Impersonality
The removal of personal feelings from a professional situation
Social class and health
Social class influences health through environmental, social, and behavioral factors
Karl Marx’s view on class
Defines class as a relationship rather than just rank in society
Functionalist theory of illness
Views illness as a disruption to societal stability and function
Holistic approach
A comprehensive approach considering physical, emotional, social, and spiritual well-being
