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Population, climate change & sustainable development > termen > Flashcards

termen Flashcards

1
Q

demographic differential vulnerability

A
  • global north vs global south
  • heterogeneity in class, gender, race & disability
  • intergenerational & intragenerational injustice
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2
Q

mitigation

A

preventing and reducing the emissions of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere

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3
Q

adaptation

A

adjusting to the current and future effects of climate change

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4
Q

intersectionality

A

acknowledgment that everyone has their own unique experiences of discrimination and privilege. Combination of different parts of one’s identity

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5
Q

political discourse

A

discourse is everywhere, rally people, create ability to transport & consolidate collective values, emotions and standards
- political discourse can change course of action, trigger & guide change processes

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6
Q

environmental discourse

A

discourse on the environment, can be different types. Becoming responsible, redirecting responsibility, emphasizing the downsides

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7
Q

carrying capacity

A

maximum number of individuals that an environment can carry

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8
Q

R-selected species

A

quick reproduction, favourable in unstable environment, larger fluctuations in population

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9
Q

K-selected species

A

slower reproduction, fewer offspring, stable population, long life expectancy

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10
Q

malthusianism

A

food growth is linear, population growth is exponential. At some point this leads to point of crisis = malthusian trap

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11
Q

Boserup population theory

A

agricultural development is consequence of population pressure, therefore intensification of agriculture. Not necessarily point of crisis, following rising of population is rise of resources.

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12
Q

how to increase the carrying capacity

A
  • innovation
  • migration
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13
Q

social metabolism

A

the interaction between human beings and the material realm of the environment
= societies reproduce themselves not only culturally but also physically through social metabolism

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14
Q

sociometabolic transitions

A

transitions in the sociometabolism of humans. Revolutions started transitions in growth of population, from higher fertility to lower fertility societies

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15
Q

Limits to growth report

A

at some point resources will be depleted and pollution will be very high, because of which population will decline

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16
Q

Paul Ehrlich

A

population control to stop the population bomb that will cause famine (solutions = sterilization, child taxes, population control)

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17
Q

Garret Hardin

A

unlimited population growth will overwhelm environment and lead to social and environmental crisis, self-interest of people will lead them to collapse of society

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18
Q

women’s movement regarding population control

A

after Cairo conference, questions about population were avoided more because of question’s about women’s education and empowerement.
Controversial debate

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19
Q

demographic transition

A

theory that predicts how mortality decline will lead to fertility decline, following conscious familiy limitations

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20
Q

reasons for mortality decline

A
  • more food & resources
  • vaccination
  • discovery of penicillin
  • capitalizing on past progress
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21
Q

reasons for fertility decline

A

trade off theories: quantity –> quality of children.
wealth flow theories: change of wealth flow, now wealth of parents to children (and not children working for income for family)
+ contraception

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22
Q

Feminist critique of Demographic transition

A
  • women seen as passive agents
  • education & empowerment
  • women need to be ready, able and willing to reduce fertility
  • socio-metabolic perspective: access to energy and fertility
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23
Q

what can be done about slow fertility decline?

A
  • reduce infant mortality
  • better education for women and girls
  • strengthening women’s rights
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24
Q

demographic dividend

A

decribes the economic expansion in the 3rd phase of the demographic transition. –> proportion of younger ages start to decline compared to working age population, leading to window of opportunity for economic growth

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25
education & demographic dividend
education can also cause demographic dividend, leading to investments in health and education --> employment opportunities, gender equality leading to more female labour
26
Replacement rate of fertility
minimum rate of fertility that is needed for population to stay stable. RRF > 2.1
27
Why are most countries below replacement rate?
- postponement of fertility and increased childlessness - people want less children because of lifestyles, demanding responsibility and career goals
28
make kin not babies - Haraway
making connections to the world, human and non-human, outside of our own children. Beyond biological ties.
29
families as change agents
possibility for parenting to actually help for sustainability, children change parent's minds, parenthood might change environmental attitudes
30
IPAT equation
Impact = population x affluence x technology
31
Kaya identity
Emissions = population x per capita economic production x energy intensity x carbon intensity
32
Reducing carbon intensity
- renewable energies - nuclear energy - carbon sequestration - electrification of transport and industry
33
reducing energy intensity
reducing energy waste
34
reducing population
- population control - child tax
35
reducing affluence
- reducing consumption & production - increasing circularity and sharing economy - working less
36
Critique of IPAT/ Kaya identity
- Aggregated equation: no representation of distributional effects - avoidance of responsibility: no agents in equation - no feedback mechanism in between the variables
37
Environmental Kuznets curve
- low emissions pre-industrial societies - high emissions in industrial societies - low emissions in post-industrial (service) societies
38
Integrated assessment models (IAMs)
computer models that combine different systems to measure global emissions and predicting the future using possible pathways for both emissions and socio-economic drivers
39
PET model
slowing population growth could provide 16-29% of the emissions reductions suggested to be necessary by 2050 to avoid dangerous climate change
40
education as mitigation option
environmental net-effects might be unclear. Higher levels of economic growth and further emissions, but also fertility decline
41
population-energy dividend
universal access to energy can lead to increase in demand, but also leading to fertility decline, bringing down the energy demand --> can lower energy demand by 56% by 2050
42
Determinants of risks under climate change
- vulnerability - hazards - exposure - reponses "Risks result from dynamic interactions between climate-related hazards with the exposure and vulnerability of the affected human or ecological system to the hazards"
43
Sources of demographic heterogeneity
- age - gender - cohort - education - place of residence - ethnicity
44
generational differences
different priorities for different generations regarding climate change, younger generations seem to be concerned more with climate change.
45
demographic metabolism
exchange of lives and deaths, exchanges in beings macro-level theory that predicts aggregate-level change rather than individual behaviour, focuses on changing compositions of a population
46
Gender gap
males are less concerned with climate change, due to different gender roles, role models, cultural norms, seeing less risk --> but, heterogeneity in context
47
triple burden of economic vulnerability of female-headed households
- lower average earnings - single earner - double-day (domestic and working duties)
48
climate change & gender disparities
Both indirect and direct impacts on gender based violence and intimate partner violence
49
Carbon inequality
- richest 10% is responsible for 50% of global emissions - richest 1% is responsible for 16% of global emissions
50
GDP compared to sustainable well-being
GDP per capita is very intuitive and straight-forwards, but does not consider the distribution of income and wealth and does not include non-material neccesities and capabilities
51
Sustainable development
development that "meets the need of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs"
52
degrowth movement
advocates for the explicit degrowth in GDP
53
post-growth movement
shift focus away from GDP and growth
54
planetary boundaries
9 different boundaries with regards to climate change. 6/9 have already been passed
55
Decent living standard
entails material requirements at the household, community and national scale and whether these requirements have been met - achievement will lead to additional GHG emissions, but redistribution of emissionr eduction targets and reduction in consumption in developed countries should be done as well
56
Human development index
income, life expectancy and literacy
57
Years of good life
capable longevity (out of poverty and no severe cognitive of physical limitations) & years with positive life satisfaction
58
5 D's of climate inaction
Distance Doom Dissonance Denial IDentity
59
Climate justice
type of environmental justice that focuses on the unequal impacts of climate change on marginalized or otherwise vulnerable populations --> seeks to achieve an equitable distribution of both the burdens of climate change and the efforts to mitigate climate change
60
carbon budget
examines the maximum amount of cumulative net global anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions that would result in limiting the global warming to a given level
61
climate justice and carbon budget
limited budget must be distributed equitably to prevent exceeding global warming tresholds. historical high-emitting countries should bear greater responsibility for reducing emissions.
62
injustice in terms of vulnerability
- women affected more - marginalized groups, working class and poor populations affected more - children and elderly affected more by heathwaves
63
Triple climate injustice
1. injustice in responsibility of emissions 2. injustice in vulnerability to climate impacts 3. injustice in how people are affected by climate policy
64
Policy tools
- UNFCCC - Copenhagen Accord - Paris agreement - EU green deal
65
Climate activism
activists: mostly white, female and highly educated. activists engaged in civil obedience: mostly middle-aged
66
Shared socioeconomic pathways
five scenarios used in climate research to explore how global society, demographics, and economics might evolve. They help scientists analyze future climate impacts, adaptation, and mitigation strategies. The SSPs range from sustainable development (SSP1) to high challenges for both mitigation and adaptation (SSP3), with others capturing intermediate and contrasting pathways like inequality (SSP4) and fossil-fueled development (SSP5
67
migration
movement of people that requires a change in their usual place of residence and longer term (involved crossing a recognized border) complex, from voluntary to forced
68
climate mobility
encompasses various forms of movement, encourages strategies for adaptation and resilience without relying on current refugee frameworks
69
Exaggeration of mass migration
- assuming everyone affected by climate change or highly vulnerable regions will move - confusing temporary displacement with permanent migration - relying on estimates of total displacement, rather than isolating figures specifically ties to climate change and natural disasters
70
Gravity models
predict interactions between locations based on their importance and the distance or barriers between them (distance decay) --> but, do not explain individual migration motivations, struggle to isolate specific drivers of population shifts
71
policies to address climate migration
- proactive climate action - managed migration pathways - support for migrants and host communities - combat misinformation - mindful mitigation
72
Environmental non-migration (why people stay)
- demographic drivers (cultural norms, age, place attachment) - economic factors (strong economic resources might stay, more ability to mitigate/ adapt) - social and cultural factors (strong social networks, place attachment, sense of belonging to community) - risk perception: subjective interpretation of risk, shaped by other factors - adaptation: adaptation measures can reduce people's vulnerability to environmental change
73
Why data is not neutral
1. researchers have their own biases (identity, positionality and emotions) 2. operating in a politicized space with power imbalances (demographers provide numbers for specific discourses) 3. data are not neutral either (intricacies between frame and data is inevitable)
74
Situates knowledge (Haraway)
knowledge production is deeply connected to the perspectives and positions of those who produce it. objective knowledge being detached from social, political and historical standpoints is an illusion
75
data feminism
examine power, challenge power, elevate emotions and embodiment, rethink binaries and hierarchies, embrace pluralism, consider context and make labor visible
76
Feminist data visualization
different framing of data can lead to different perspectives, elevating and emotions and embodiment can lead to looking more at individual stories of the numbers projected within the data
77
emotions and situatedness in population-environment research
field with many controversies, regarding women's rights movements, call to "make kin not babies" acknowledging emotions can strengthen science, increase well-being and improve communication. Can humanize & data is not neutral either way.
78

Population, climate change & sustainable development (1 decks)

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