Term test Flashcards
1
Q
pharmacology definition
A
study of drugs, their actions, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects
2
Q
medication errors
A
leading cause of patient errors in healthcare
3
Q
why are drugs prescribed
A
promote healing, cure disease, prevent disease, control of slow the process, decrease risk of complications, increase comfort, replacement therapy, reduce excessive activity
4
Q
disciplines of drugs
A
pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, pharmacotherapeutics, toxicology
5
Q
pharmacodynamics definition
A
study of biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action
6
Q
pharmacokinetics definition
A
study of how the body interacts with administered substances for the duration of exposure
7
Q
pharmacotherapeutics definition
A
use of drugs to prevent, treat, diagnose, and notify normal functions
8
Q
toxicology definition
A
study of the adverse effects of chemicals or physical agents on living organisms
9
Q
four mechanisms of pharmacodynamics
A
binds to a receptor site, change the physical properties of cells, chemically combine with other chemicals, alter a normal metabolic pathway
10
Q
agonists
A
stimulates receptor site to cause a response
11
Q
antagonists
A
block receptor sites from being stimulated by other chemical mediators and inhibit normal response
12
Q
therapeutic effects of drugs
A
beneficial treatment
13
Q
side effects of drugs
A
unwanted reactions
14
Q
toxic effects of drugs
A
dangerous side effects
15
Q
hypersensitivity drug effects
A
allergic reactions
16
Q
idiosyncratic drug effects
A
unusual reaction by an individual to a normally harmless substance
17
Q
iatrogenic drug effects
A
negative effect caused by error or OD
18
Q
teratogenic drug effects
A
harmful effects on a fetus
19
Q
half life of drugs
A
time it takes for the concentration of a biological substance to decrease from max concentration to half in blood plasma
20
Q
LD50
A
median lethal dose- toxic unit that measures the lethal dose of a given substance
21
Q
synergism
A
combined effect is greater than predicted by their potencies
2+2= 20
22
Q
antagonism
A
opposing action (narcan and opiates)
2+2=1
23
Q
potentiation
A
increase the strength or effect (benzos and alcohol)
0+2=10
24
Q
additive
A
combining 2 = the sum of each (Advil and Tylenol)
2+2=4
25
pharmacokinetics
time required for absorption, duration of action, distribution in the body, method of excretion
26
absorption
site of administration into the body to specific target organs and tissues
27
mechanisms of medication absorption
active transport and passive diffusion
28
blood flow and medication absorption
a properly functioning circulatory system greatly enhances the rate of medication absorption
29
distribution
process which a medication moves throughout the body
blood is primary distribution vehicle
typically binds to fat, muscle tissues, and bone
factors that affect blood flow change the way medications are transported
30
metabolism
Chemical alteration by various bodily systems to create compounds that are more easily excreted
from the body
31
Anti-arrhythmic
Class 1- sodium channel blockers
Class 2- beta-blocker
Class 3- potassium channel blocker
Class 4- calcium channel blocker
32
Beta blockers
Reduce 02 demand of the heart muscle
Affect beta 1 (cardiac stimulation) and beta 2 (bronchial relaxation) cells
Blocks effects of epi/ norepi to reduce HR and dilated blood vessels reducing BP
33
Calcium channel blockers
Relax smooth muscle to decrease peripheral resistance
Used to treat hypertension
2 types: 1 localizes smooth muscle and 2 decrease cardiac workload, HR and contractions
34
What is the suffix for calcium channel blockers
"ine"
35
Diuretics
Decrease BP by decreasing blood volume and sodium retention and increase elimination of
water, sodium and electrolytes
By decreasing blood volume, it reduces BP by reducing peripheral resistance and cardiac output
36
Types of diuretics
1- Thiazide (hydrochlorothiazide)
2- Loop (lasix- furosemide)
3- Potassium-sparing (spironolactone)
4- Osmotic (mannitol)
5- Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (acetazolamide)
37
Loop diuretics
Inhibit Na/K/Cl transport proteins in loop of Henle causing a reduction in reabsorption of sodium
increasing diuresis
May lose too much potassium so may be on supplements of K
38
Potassium-sparing diuretics
Increase diuresis without causing potassium to leave the body by stopping entry of aldosterone
into the nephron preventing sodium and water retention
39
Thiazide diuretics
Inhibits NaCl reabsorption into distal convoluted tubule of the kidney- happens through
suppression of NaCl cotransporter
Used to treat HTN, heart failure, kidney failure or diabetes
40
Antihyperlipidemic agents
Excessive buildup of fats in the system can cause strokes and MIs
HDL= good and LDL= bad
Used to lower the amount of LDL in the system by assisting back to the liver for removal
41
What is the suffix for cholesterol medication
“statin”
42
Antiplatelet medication
Interferes with clot formation- normally platelets enter site of injury that is activated by thrombin
and collagen to increase clotting
Bleeding is a common side effect
43
Anticoagulants
Make the blood less viscous by increasing levels of antithrombin
Heparin works with antithrombin, and warfarin works to inhibit vitamin K effects on clotting
44
ACE inhibitors
Used to treat HTN by lowering SBP by blocking angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
By inhibiting release of angiotensin II and aldosterone it decreases reabsorption of sodium in
kidneys forcing it from the system
45
Antianginals
Increase blood and O2 supply to the heart while reducing workload of the heart
Can be accomplished by vasodilation or reducing vasospasm
46
Nitrates
Oldest class of drugs to treat angina
Dilates blood vessels and increase O2 supply to the heart by relaxing and dilating medium-large
coronary arteries and veins and reduces fluid backup in ventricles to reduce cardiac workload
47
Long-acting beta agonist and corticosteroids
Prevents asthma symptoms (controllers) by relaxing muscles lining the airways
Long-acting beta agonists must be used with corticosteroids
48
Steroids
Anti-inflammatory drugs that reduce infiltration of mediators of the inflammatory response in
airway cells and reduce creation of proinflammatory substances (prostaglandins, leukotriene,
macrophages)
49
Short acting beta agonist
Relievers/ rescue medications that provide short term rapid relief of asthma symptoms by
reversing bronchospasm and open the airways
Acts on B2 cells of the smooth muscle in the airways to relax bronchial smooth muscle
50
Proton pump inhibitors
Decrease gastric acid levels by interfering with the final step in gastric acid production
Designed to be slow released
51
What is the suffix for proton pump inhibitors
“zole”
52
Histamine 2 inhibitors
Histamine stimulates the release of acid and pepsin in the stomach, but this medication inhibits
that response
53
Antinausea
Goal is to block nausea sensation in the brain or reduce the cause of the nausea
Nausea is often caused from serotonin (used to expel what is in the system- out)
54
Laxatives
Used to relieve constipation by using an enzyme that swells in the presence of liquid causing
sensation of the bowels being full causing expulsion
Cause bloating, gas, abdominal cramps, nausea, constipation
55
Epilepsy drugs
Reduce instances of seizures by suppressing seizure activity by controlling voltage-dependent
sodium channels
The drugs are aimed at delaying the movement of positive ions into the cells to stop the
abnormal firing and maintain homeostatic balance
56
Common epilepsy medications
Dilantin, valproic acid, lamotrigine, carbamazepine, levetiracetam
57
Opioids
Opioids bind to receptors found at base of spinal cord, brainstem, thalamus, hypothalamus, and
limbic system resulting in decreased painful sensations
Can be opioids agonists and antagonists
58
NSAIDS
Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic properties
Reduces production of prostaglandins
Cox-1 and COX-2 are main enzymes that create prostaglandins
59
Benzodiazepines
Used to treat anxiety, slow brain activity by depressing limbic system and working on GABA
receptors in the brain to reduce neuronal excitement
60
Antidepressants
TCA, and SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors)
Alters levels of serotonin, dopamine, and noradrenaline keeping them at normal levels
Used to treat depression, OCD, and anxiety
61
Antipsychotics
Blocks levels of dopamine being secreted and absorbed by the body at medulla, brainstem, and
hypothalamus point
Cross blood brain barrier
Accompanied by sedative effects- confusion, decreased ability to regulate body temp, weight
gain
62
Oral diabetic medication
Effective for type II diabetes by stimulating insulin release from pancreatic beta cells
Also decrease glycogenosis- process of converting glycogen to glucose
63
Insulin
Used for all types of diabetes but sole drug in type I and added to oral therapy in type II
Needs to be IM (protein) so PO would be absorbed by GI tract and stomach acid
Can be rapid-acting, short-actinbg, intermediate acting, and long-acting forms
64
Hyperthyroid meds
Works by depleting excess thyroid hormones and measured by TSH
65
Hypothyroid drugs
Stimulates release of TSH and mimic natural actions of the thyroid hormones replaced by the
body
66
Sympathetic alpha 1 receptor
Adrenergic receptor
Vasoconstriction, increased peripheral resistance, increased blood pressure, mydriasis, increased
bladder sphincters
Prioritizes norepi
67
Sympathetic alpha 2 receptor
Adrenergic receptor
Inhibits norepi release, inhibits acetylcholine release, inhibits insulin release
Priorities epi
68
Sympathetic beta 1 receptor
Adrenergic receptor
Increase heart rate, increased lipolysis, increased myocardial contractility, increased RR
Equal epi and norepi
69
Sympathetic beta 2 receptor
Adrenergic receptor
Vasodilation, decreased periphreak resistance, bronchodilation, increased glycogenolysis,
increased glucagon release, relaxes uterine smooth musclde
Increased preference to epi
70
Anticholingeric- dry patient
Block action of acetlycholine by blocking nicotinic and muscarinic receptors
Available via substances: TCAs, antipsychotics (quetiapine), cold/ sleep medications/..;
(antihistamines), scopolamine, gravol, jimson weed, atropine
71
TCA’s
Narrow therapeutic window, in overdose TCA’s cause loss of vascular tone by blcoking alpha
receptors, muscarinic receptors (hot/ dry skin), tachycardia, loss of bowel sounds, Na channels
within cardiac cycle
Blockage of na channels slow action potential causing prolonged QT wave- very wide QRS and
causes lethal arrhythmias is untreated
72
Opioids toxicology
Large impact of chemoreceptors that maintain instinct to breathe by making them less sensitive
there is an increase in PCO2 leading to hypoventilation causing decreased LOA and possible
death
Naloxone is the antidote as it is an opioid antagonist competing and displacing opioids at their
receptor sites
73
Sympathomimetics
Drugs that mimic or enhance actions of andogenous catcholamines of the sympathetic nervous
system
Directly activate adrenergic receptors or indirectly activate by increasing norepi and epi
Naturally occuring catecholamines: dopamine, norepi, epi
74
Sedatives- hypnotics
Affect CNS (brain/ spinal cord) and have a relaxing, calming effect
Main groups include: benzodiazipines, barbiruates, hypnoitics (norbenzodiazpinies)
