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BIO310 > Term Test 1 > Flashcards

Term Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

True or false. Internal fluctuations of a variable in an animal are SMALLER than environmental fluctuations

A

True

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2
Q

What are thermoconformers?

A

Cold blooded animals

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3
Q

What are thermoregulators?

A

Warm blooded animals

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4
Q

True or false. Homeostatic controls work on all ranges

A

False. Only works over a limited range. As soon as we pass zone of stability, we become conformers.

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5
Q

For regulators, what happens when they surpass the zone of stability?

A

They become conformers. Ex) in extreme temperatures=hypo or hyperthermia

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6
Q

What is the zone of stability?

A

Where homeostasis is maintained. Physiological range

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7
Q

True or false. Conformers internal environment varies with its external environment

A

True

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8
Q

Explain negative feedback and give example

A

Disturbance-controlled system sends output-sensor (set point adj)- error signal-inverting amplifier=negative feedback
Ex. Temp

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9
Q

True or false. Positive feedback leads to regulation.

A

False. Because although signal is amplified, error signal is reinforced

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10
Q

Three examples of positive feedback

A

Labour, clotting, oxytocin, action potential as soon as it reaches threshold

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11
Q

What are the two major homeostatic control systems of the body?

A

Nervous and endocrine

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12
Q

Nervous system
Privacy of msg?
Speed of transmission of msg?
Length of msg?

A 
Very private - bc only distributed through neurons
Very fast (msec)
Very short (msec)
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13
Q

Endocrine
Privacy of msg?
Speed of transmission of msg?
Length of msg?

A

Less private
Slow (sec) - thyroid hormone can stay up to two weeks
Long (sec, min, hr, days, weeks, etc)

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14
Q

Stability of chemical reactions responsible for animal physiology is maintained within cells through the action of cell membranes. Name 3

A
  • maintain cell integrity
  • control cell activities
  • electrical activity of cell membranes leads to cell to cell signaling
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15
Q

What component helps with the rigidity of the cell membrane?

A

Cholesterol

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16
Q

What are the membrane-linked proteins called that don’t extend through the membrane? What do they act as?

A

Peripheral proteins.

They act as enzymes, receptors, etc

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17
Q

What are the three domains of membrane proteins?

A

Intra extra and trans

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18
Q

What do integral proteins serve as?

A

Passive transport pores and channels
Active transport pumps and carriers
Membrane linked enzymes
Chemical signal recptors

19
Q

What are glycoproteins?

A

They have an oligosaccharide side chain vital for cell recognition and communication

20
Q

Do myelin sheaths have a lot of membrane proteins?

A

No

21
Q

Passage across the membrane can be what? Explain.

A

Passive- high to low concentration

Active- molecules move against concentration gradient (fueled by energy from hydrolysis of ATP)

22
Q

What is active diffusion?

A

Lol no such thing! Only passive diffusion

23
Q

List 3 passive transport channels

A

Voltage gated
Ligand gated
Water-aquaporins

24
Q

Name 3 passive transport carriers. What are these carriers alternatively for?

A

Uniport
Symport (co trans)
Antiport (counter trans)

secondary active transport

25
Q

Passive diffusion is also known as?

A

Simple diffusion

26
Q

Passive diffusion net fluxes depend on what 4 things?

A

Temp
Mass of mol
Surface area
Medium through which the molecules move

27
Q

Passive diffusion is permeable to?

A

Lipid soluble molecules (steroids)
Gases (co2, o2, no, co)
Uncharged polar molecules (urea,ethanol)
Water (but very slow)

28
Q

Passive transport aka?

A

Facilitated diffusion

29
Q

Difference between passive transport and diffusion?

A

Passive transport required a protein, but no energy is reqd

30
Q

What does it tell you when a protein has conformational changes?

A

It’s a carrier

31
Q

Passive transport is permeable to?

A

Small water soluble (polar) molecules
Ions (na+,k+,ca2+,cl-)
Water (through aquaporins)

32
Q

What is the net diffusion of water across a membrane?

A

Osmosis

33
Q

True or false. Aquaporins are not protein channels

A

False

34
Q

True or false. The amount of aquaporind can increase or decrease depending on the cell’s environment

A

True. Under hormonal regulation

35
Q

What happens to cell volume in the following solutions:
Isotonic
Hypotonic
Hypertonic

A

Iso- volume is unchanged
Hypo- increase , cell burts
Hyper- decrease, cell shrivels

36
Q

What are the two mechanisms of passive transport?

A
  1. Through pore or channel

2. Combining wit a carrier protein in membrane

37
Q

What are the differences between the three carrier proteins?

A

Different number of molecules can enter at a given time and direction varies

38
Q

Similarity and difference between symporter and antiporter

A

Similarity: both transports 2 different molecules
Difference: symporter in same direction, antiporter in opposite

39
Q

Define primary active transport and give an example

A

Direct expenditure of atp dependent membrane pumps to transport substances AGAINST concentration gradient

Na-K pump

40
Q

What are the normal ion concentrations kept by na-k pump?

A

Na out= 150 mM
Na in= 5mM
K out= 5mM
K in= 120 mM

41
Q

Six endocytosis steps

A
  1. Ligand molecules bind to surface receptors which accumulate in coated pits formed by clathrin bound to membrane
  2. Coated pit is invaginated
  3. Coated vesicle formed
  4. Coated vesicle fuses with existing vacuole, clathrin sheds
  5. Fused complex undergoes further processing
  6. Clathrin and receptor molecules recycled
42
Q

Endocytosis.
If fluid is ingested?
If solid is ingested?

A

Pinocytosis

Phagocytosis

43
Q

Homeostasis is controlled by?

A

Negative feedback

BIO310 (1 decks)

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