TERM TEST 1 Flashcards
BMI CLASSIFICATION:
underweight
<18.5
BMI CLASSIFICATION:
normal
18.5-24.9
BMI CLASSIFICATION:
over
25.0-29.9
BMI CLASSIFICATION:
Obese 1
30-34.9
BMI CLASSIFICATION:
Obese 2
35-39.9
BMI CLASSIFICATION:
Obese 3
> /= 40
WC classifications:
high
men: > 102 cm
women: > 88 cm
what is a better measurement
WC
but WC and BMI together are better for health risk prediction compared to WC on its own
what are some characteristics of T1D
- absolute deficiency of insulin secretion via beta cells
- requires exogenous insulin
- only ~ 5-10% of those w/ diabetes
- also called insulin-dependant/ juvenile onset
what are some characteristics of T2D
- combo of insulin resistance and relative deficiency
- no autoimmune destruction of beta cells
- pt’s usually obese (abdominal region)
- also called non- insulin dependant, adult- onset
- about 90-95% of those w/ diabetes
what are the fasting glucose levels for
healthy:
pre diabetic:
diabetic:
healthy: <5.6
pre diabetic: >/= 5.6 <7.0*
diabetic: >/= 7.0
*impaired fasting glycaemia
what are the oral gluc test levels for:
healthy:
pre diabetic:
diabetic:
healthy: < 7.8
pre diabetic: >/= 7.8 < 11.1*
diabetic: > 11.1
*impaired glucose tolerance
what is the A1C levels for:
healthy:
pre diabetic:
diabetic:
healthy: ~ 5.0
pre diabetic: >/= 5.7 <6.5
diabetic: >/ = 6.5
met’s is associated with what?
T2D
CVD
MET’S means what identifications
- abdominal obesity
- dyslipidemia (high triglycerides, low HDL)
- increase BP
- increase in fasting Blood gluc
MET’S identifications numbers
WC
Men > 102 cm
woman > 88 cm
MET’S identifications numbers
triglycerides
> /= 1.69 mmol/l
MET’S identifications numbers
BP
> /= 130/85
MET’S identifications numbers
fasting glucose
> /= 5.6 mmol/l
MET’S identifications numbers
HDL
men: < 1.04 mmol/l
women < 1.29 mmol/l
if you have __/5 of The clinical identification you have METS
3
factors for energy intake?
- intake efficiency
- energy consumed
factors for energy output
- thermic affect of eating
- physical activity
- metabolic rate
what are the four places energy goes to?
- visceral fat
- subcutaneous fat
- non fat stores
- other fat stores (liver, muscle)
what are the two factors affecting energy intake?
- environment + lifestyle
- internal milieu (nutrient sensing via hormones)
what are the adiposity signals?
- Leptin
- Insulin
- Amylin
insulin is
- produced?
- short or longterm?
- increases when?
produced + stored Beta cells in pancreas
longterm regulator
as adipose expands insulin increases
Leptin is
- produced?
- short or longterm?
- increases when?
produced in white adipose tissue
longterm regulator
as adipose expands leptin increases
what are the hunger and satiety signals?
and which ones are which?
- CCK –> S
- GLP1–> S
- PPY–> S
- Ghr–> H
are the hunger and satiety signals short term or long term regulators
shorterm
true or false orexigenic mean anabolic?
true
true or false anorexigenic mean anabolic?
false
true or false orexigenic mean catabolic?
false
true or false anorexigenic mean catabolic?
true
orexigenic do what?
- increase food intake
- decrease energy expenditure
- stimulate appetite
anorexigenic do what?
- decrease food intake
- increases energy expenditure
- suppress appetite
Anabolic do what?
- increase food intake
- decrease energy expenditure
- stimulate appetite
catabolic do what?
- decrease food intake
- increases energy expenditure
- suppress appetite
ARC contains what?
1rst order catabolic and anabolic neurons
adiposity signals come up to the ___________ and _______ cross the ________
hypothalamus
brainstem
median eminence
PVN contains what?
2nd order catabolic neurons
LHA contains what?
2nd order anabolic neurons
alpha- MSH is what?
1rst order catabolic peptide released
NPY
1rst order Anabolic Peptides released
AgRP
1rst order Anabolic Peptide released
serotonin is catabolic or anabolic
catabolic
GABA is catabolic or anabolic
anabolic
serotonin increases release of
CRH
CART
decrease appetite
serotonin decreases release of
ORX
MCH
Increases in circulating ghrelin would result in?
a) activation of anabolic neurons in the arcuate nucleus
b) inhibition of catabolic neurons in the arcuate nucleus
c) activation of orexigenic neurons in the arc nucleus
d) All the above
E) only A) and B)
D
all of the following regarding leptin are true except
a) synthesized in the ARC nucleus
b) suppresses appetite
c) inhibits orexigenic/anabolic neurons in the hypothalamus
d) activates anorexigenic/catabolic neurons in the hypothalamus
e) increases energy expenditure
A
all the following regarding AgRP are true except?
a) synthesized in ARC
b) stimulates appetite
c) inhibits catabolic neurons in hypothalamus
d) secreted in response to ghrelin
e) increases energy expenditure
E
which of the following statements is FALSE?
a) mutation of leptin gene causes monogenic obesity
b) mutation of leptin gene would increase feeding
c) mutation of leptin gene increases alpha MSH secretion
d) mutation of leptin gene would increase fasting insulin levels
e) mutation of leptin gene would decrease activity of PVN neurons
C
not D because when leptin has a mutation/ deficiency there are increased hunger due to the decrease of the catabolic affects so then insulin would have to make up for it. as they ate more the increase of adipose tissue which would signals insulin levels to rise to decrease appetite, glucose and increase energy expenditure
what are the principles of satiation?
- promote meal termination
- limit meal size
principles of satiety?
- limit meal frequency
- how long you stay satiated? (it affects the interval to the next meal)
what are the adiposity signal criteria
- adiposity sognals circulate at levels proportionate to body fat content + enters brain
- promotes weight loss
- blockade increases food intake + body weight
*ONLY LEPTIN AND INSULIN SATISFY THE CRITERIA *
TRUE OR FALSE:
enteroendocrine cells of the intestine have taste-receptors
true
true or false?
cell bodies of abdominal vagus project to nucleus of solitary tract
true
true or false gastric load size suppresses meal size?
true
what us plenity?
antiobesity medication
saxenda is a
GLP-1 receptor agonist
what are the 4 diabetic medication that is prescribed for weight loss
1.
2.
3.
4.
- saxenda
- wegovy
- rybelsus
- ozempic
CCK directly activates _____
vagal afferent fibres
NPY binds to what receptor?
what is the result?
Y1 receptor
increases food intake
PPY binds to what receptor
what is the result?
Y2 receptor
decreases food intake
which satiation factor has the longest effect
PP;
it reduces food intake and the effect remains for 24hrs in contrast to other satiation signals
PP ______ food intake
and how?
decreases
by binding to Y4R + Y5R (in brainstem)
when was the OB gene discovered
in 1994
Leptin receptor was discovered when?
in 1995
lack of leptin signalling via mutations in ob/ob mice or leptin receptor db/db mice results in what?
obesity and diabetes
what are the characteristics of ob/ob and db/db mice
- weigh 3x more than normal mice
- 5x more body fat content
- hypothyroidism
- decreased growth
- infertility
- decreased immune function
most obese individuals are ________ due to _______ adipose mass.
hyperleptinemic (increased leptin)
increased adipose mass
true or false exogenous leptin does have work for diet induced obesity
false, it has little to no treatment but central administration works
________: failure of high levels of leptin to suppress feeding and decrease body weight/ adiposity to prevent/ mitigate obesity.
leptin resistance
how can leptin be efficacious during fasting induced weight loss but not regular diet and weight loss for those who are leptin resistant?
if you give someone leptin and they are leptin resistant the appetite is not altered
rather if you prescribe someone with a low kcal diet while giving leptin they will not feel as hungry and more satiated as leptin is catabolic.
what does STAT3 do?
signal transducer and activator of transcription
which then…
decreases transcription of Agrp Gene
increases transcription of POMC Gene
what is IRS & PI3K and what does it do?
it is a insulin signalling cascade
activated by insulin and leptin
decreases Agrp
increases POMC
may increase POMC firing
what is ERK 1/2 and what does it do?
it is a extracellular signal-regulated kinases
- may decrease NPY/ Agrp neuron firing
- may increase POMC neuron firing
what is SOCS3
suppressor of cytokine signalling
FOXO1 is ________to STAT3
OPPOSITE because if activated it
increases Agrp
Decreases POMC
_______ inhibits FOXO1 transcription factor
PKB
what is the role of AMPK in the regulation of feeding
increase in AMPK =?
decrease in AMPK=?
anabolic qualities (fasting, increased NPY)
catabolic qualities (Fed, decreased NPY)
_______ activates AMPK to reduce ATP consumption
AMP
______ is the energy sensor of all cells
ampk
_______ system helps with regulation of energy homeostasis
AMPK system
decrease in AMPK suppresses or stimulates food intake?
suppresses
in _____ we discovered in ghrelin
1999
in 2000 Tschop discovered that Ghrelin infusion stimulates
feeding and induces obesity
Ghrelin levels ___________ before meals/ food restriction/ starvation and they _____ after meals
rise sharply
rapidly fall
ghrelin _______ with weight loss and _____ with increased adiposity
increases, decreases
true or false ghrelin plays a role in longterm energy balance
true
what is the name of the syndrome that is the only known over weight condition associated w/ high ghrelin levels
prader-willi syndrome (4 1/2 times higher than in the obese controls)
true or false? Ghrelin receptors are found on both anabolic and catabolic neuron
true
what surgery is the most successful for long term weight loss and how?
gastric-bypass surgery due to where the stomach is clamped it allows for no Grehlin productions
is this catabolic or anabolic
decrease K+ outflux
increased Ca+ influx
anabolic
is this catabolic or anabolic
increased K+ outflux
decreased Ca+ influx
catabolic
