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BIO203 > Term Test 1 > Flashcards

Term Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the permanent simple tissues?

A

Collenchyma, sclerenchyma and parenchyma

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2
Q

What are the permanent complex tissues?

A

Xylem, phloem and epidermis

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3
Q

What does “permanent simple tissue” mean?

A

Only one cell type

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4
Q

What does “permanent complex tissue” mean?

A

More than one cell type

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5
Q

What function(s) do the permanent simple tissue serve?

A

Support, photosynthesis and storage

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6
Q

What function(s) do the permanent complex tissues serve?

A

Transport

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7
Q

What tissues are the ground tissues?

A

Collenchyma, sclerenchyma and parenchyma

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8
Q

What tissues are the vascular tissues?

A

Phloem, xylem and epidermis

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9
Q

What are the meristematic tissues?

A

Apical, lateral and interclary

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10
Q

What function(s) do the meristematic tissue serve?

A

Contributes to plant growth

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11
Q

Which two tissue types are alive at maturity?

A

Collenchyma and parenchyma

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12
Q

Name 8 characteristics of parenchyma

A
  1. Unlignified
  2. Thin primary wall
  3. Primary wall stains pink w/ TBO
  4. Irregular shape
  5. Found in leaves, stems and pith
  6. Often has intracellular space
  7. Alive at maturity
  8. Used for photosynthesis
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13
Q

Name 6 characteristics of Collenchyma

A
  1. Alive at maturity
  2. Not lignified
  3. Used for support and protection
  4. Thick primary cell walls
  5. Primary cell walls stain dark pink to purple
  6. Differentiates from paren
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14
Q

What are the two types of sclerenchyma

A

Fibers and sclerieds

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15
Q

Name four characteristics of sclerenchyma

A
  1. Dead at maturity
  2. Lignified
  3. Thick primary and secondary walls
  4. Used for support and protection for microorganisms
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16
Q

What is the main function of xylem ?

A

Transporting water from the root

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17
Q

What are three types of cells you can find in xylem ?

A
  1. Tracheids and vessels (protoxylem and metaxylem)
  2. Parenchyma in the xylem
  3. Tyloses
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18
Q

Name three characteristics of tracheids and vessels

A
  1. Alive at first, then dead at maturity
  2. Unlignified at first, then lignified at maturity
  3. Secondary wall thickenings define maturity and function
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19
Q

What do tyloses grow into

A

Vessels

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20
Q

What are tyloses used for?

A

Secondary growth and defence

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21
Q

Where does phloem tissue come from?

A

Procambium

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22
Q

What is the function of phloem?

A

Transports fixed carbon

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23
Q

In angiosperms, what cell types do phloem have?

A

Parenchyma, fiber and sieve elements/chambers

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24
Q

What are the three functions of the epidermis?

A

Protection, gas exchange and transpiration

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25
Q

What cell types are found in the epidermis of leaves?

A

Trichomes, socket cells, meristemoids, guard cells, pavement cells, glands

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26
Q

What cell types are found in the epidermis of roots?

A

Root hairs/trichomes, root cap

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27
Q

What is modular growth?

A

Starts with activation of dormant meristems

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28
Q

How does modular growth enhances fitness?

A
  1. Repairing damages
  2. Making many reproductive organs
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29
Q

What is indeterminate growth?

A

Grows for varying amount of time into various sizes

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30
Q

What is determinate growth?

A

Grows for a predictable amount of time in a predictable size

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31
Q

Why are positioning signals important in determining fate?

A

Cells are not mobile

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32
Q

Where are apical meristems located?

A

At or near the root tip

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33
Q

What is the function of apical meristem

A

Helps shoot get more branches and expand roots

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34
Q

What is SAM?

A

Shoot apical meristem

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35
Q

What is RAM?

A

Root apical meristem

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36
Q

What are axillary and adventitious meristems?

A

Apical meristems

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37
Q

What are the lateral roots for?

A

Secondary growth and increasing girth

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38
Q

Interclary meristems are seen where?

A

In grass blades or plants without secondary meristems

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39
Q

Name the four functions of the vacuole

A
  1. Regulating turgor (growth with less resources)
  2. Storing/isolating waste of harmful materials
  3. Regulating pH
  4. Resources storage
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40
Q

What are the five plastids?

A

Chromoplast, proplastids, amyloplasts, chloroplast and leucoplast

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41
Q

What are the characteristics of proplastids?

A

Precursor to other plastids, colourless

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42
Q

Where are proplastids?

A

Meristematic cells of shoots, roots, embryos and endosperms

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43
Q

What are the characteristics of chloroplasts

A

Internal membrane organization (thylakoids), associated with chlorophyll pigments and light reactions, for photosynthesis

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44
Q

Where can chloroplasts be found?

A

In photosynthetic tissue and organs

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45
Q

Name characteristics of chromoplasts

A

Red/orange/yellow, high levels of carotenoids

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46
Q

Where can you find chromoplasts?

A

In fruits and flowers

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47
Q

Name characteristics of leucoplasts

A

Colourless but no precursor function, used for storage of lipids and proteins and synthesis

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48
Q

Name characteristics of amyloplasts

A

Stores fixed carbon as starch, one or more large starch grains

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49
Q

Where can you find amyloplasts?

A

In roots and storage tissue

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50
Q

What is the major component of cell walls?

A

Cellulose

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51
Q

What is cellulose made of?

A

Beta(1-4) glucose monomers

52
Q

What does hemicellulose do?

A

Crosslinks cellulose

53
Q

What is plasmodesmata?

A

Channel for cell to cell communication

54
Q

What connection does the plasmodesmata have?

A

Symplastic

55
Q

How do large components get across the plasmodesmata?

A

They move thru the cytoplasmic sleeve

56
Q

How is the plasmodesmata formed in primary?

A

During cell division

57
Q

How does the plasmodesmata form in secondary?

A

Between mature cells

58
Q

How do we map the SAM?

A

Using Tunica Corpus

59
Q

When looking at SAM, the cells divide into which planes?

A

Anticlinal and clinal

60
Q

What does tunica mean

A

One or more layers of cells which divide anticlinally

61
Q

What does corpus mean?

A

The body of cells where cells divide in the anticlinal and clinal planes

62
Q

In which zone are rapidly dividing cells found?

A

Peripheral zone (PZ)

63
Q

What is the peripheral zone?

A

Where you find the rapidly dividing cells in SAM

64
Q

Where do the cells go in the peripheral zone?

A

They go to the flower and leaf

65
Q

Where do you find the stem cells?

A

In the central zone

66
Q

What is the central zone?

A

Where you find the slowly dividing stem cells

67
Q

Where does stem generation occur?

A

In the rib meristem (RZ)

68
Q

What causes stem generation?

A

Cell division and elongation in the cells found in the rib meristem zone

69
Q

Which gene is needed to maintain and promote stem cell growth?

A

WUS gene

70
Q

Where is the WUS gene expressed?

A

In the organization centre

71
Q

Which gene specifies stem cell fate?

A

CLAVATA gene

72
Q

What does the RAM produce?

A

The root cap

73
Q

What are the similarities between SAM and RAM?

A
  1. Stem cells (SAM makes L1, L2 and L3 layers above the organization centre, while RAM makes root cap and cortex/endodermis around the QC)
  2. WUS and WOX5 (SAM expresses WUS in the organization centre while RAM expresses WOX5 in the QC)
74
Q

What does SAM produce?

A

Stem, leaves and reproductive organs

75
Q

What four parts make up stem morphology?

A
  1. Node
  2. Internode
  3. Apical meristem
  4. Axillary bud
76
Q

What is a node?

A

Where leaves pop out of the stem (the origin of that leaf)

77
Q

What is an internode?

A

The space between two nodes

78
Q

What is an axillary bud?

A

Where the leaf meets the stem/branch/flower

79
Q

What four functions do stems serve?

A
  1. Transport
  2. Support
  3. Storage
  4. Connecting leaves and flowers and buds to roots
80
Q

What are the three main parts of leaves?

A
  1. Leaf base
  2. Petiole
  3. Leaf lamina
81
Q

What are the different types of leaves?

A

Simple and compound

82
Q

What is the pattern arrangement of a leaf called?

A

Phyllolaxy

83
Q

What is phyllolaxy

A

The pattern arrangement of the leaf

84
Q

What are the three functions of the leaf?

A
  1. Photosynthesis
  2. Transpiration
  3. Storage
85
Q

What are the root systems?

A

Fibrous and taproot

86
Q

What are the five functions of a root?

A
  1. Anchorage
  2. Transport
  3. Support
  4. Storage
  5. Growth
87
Q

Contrast dicot root anatomy and monocot root anatomy

A
  1. Xylem: monocot has polyarch while dicot has diarch/hexarch
  2. Pith: monocot is well developed, dicot is less developed
  3. Pericycle: monocot has no secondary growth and only forms lateral branches while dicot does both
  4. Monocot has no cambium/no secondary growth while dicot has cambium/secondary growth
88
Q

Why is photosynthesis important?

A

It’s the biological conversion of inorganic carbon (from CO2) into organic carbon (glucose) using light energy

89
Q

What are the steps to achieve photosynthesis?

A

The light reactions (where solar energy converts into chemical energy) and the Calvin-Benson cycle (where chemical energy converts into glucose)

90
Q

Where do the light reactions happen?

A

In the thylakoids of chloroplasts

91
Q

Where does the Calvin-Benson cycle happen?

A

In the stroma

92
Q

What pigment absorbs light?

A

Chlorophyll

93
Q

How many versions of chlorophyll are there, and what are they?

A

2: chlorophyll a and b

94
Q

Is the tail on chlorophyll hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

Hydrophobic

95
Q

What’s the purpose of the tail on chlorophyll?

A

It lets the molecule bond to other hydrophobic molecules to carry out ETC functions

96
Q

What is the stroma?

A

The liquid matrix between the grana

97
Q

What’s the difference between chlorophyll an and B?

A

Chlorophyll a absorbs red and blue while chlorophyll B absorbs only blue

98
Q

What happens when the pigments absorb light ?

A

Electrons move to a higher energy state, then drop down, releasing heat

99
Q

What are the photosystems? Define them and characterize them.

A

There are 2: photosystem I and photosystem II

Photosystem I has more chlorophyll a and absorbs P700

Photosystem II has more chlorophyll B and absorbs as much or less than P680

100
Q

How do electrons transport themselves in the photosystems?

A

PS2 absorbs light and releases electrons
Electrons go thru ETC in the thylakoids and is passed to PS1

101
Q

How do we balance out the extra electrons?

A

With water

102
Q

How do the electrons move from the PS1?

A

Excited electrons are caught by NADP in ETC to make NADPH

103
Q

Where does CO2 add?

A

To the 5C compound (RuBP)

104
Q

What is the full name of RuBP?

A

Ribulose-bisphosphate

105
Q

What is the 3C compound that is produced from the CO2 attaching to RuBP?

A

3PGA

106
Q

What is the full name of 3PGA?

A

3-phosphateglycerate

107
Q

What enzyme produces 3PGA from RuBP?

A

Rubisco

108
Q

What is the full name of RubisCo?

A

Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase

109
Q

Where does the ADP and NADPH recharge?

A

At the thylakoids

110
Q

What is the overall equation of photosynthesis?

A

3CO2 + 9ATP + 6NADPH + 6H+ -> G3P + 9ADP + 8Pi + 3H2O + 6NADP+

111
Q

Why is RubisCo not efficient?

A

It works best with low oxygen but the atmosphere has high oxygen

112
Q

As plants increase in girth, what also happens?

A

They undergo structural reinforcement

113
Q

What happens as plants get older ?

A

They get more woody

114
Q

What’s the benefit of plants getting more woody?

A

They make the plant stronger

115
Q

What part is responsible for the increase in girth?

A

Cambium

116
Q

Name the major part in structural reinforcement

A

The thick walled cells in the xylem

117
Q

How does secondary growth work?

A

The plant adds a new xylem and phloem to the primary stem, making the stem thicker

118
Q

What does secondary growth need?

A

Cell division

119
Q

Where does initial growth happen?

A

In the fascicular cambium

120
Q

What is unique about gymnosperm wood?

A

It has no vessels

121
Q

What are the two types of cells in the vascular cambium?

A

Fusiform initials and ray initials

122
Q

Define fusiform initials

A

It makes the things for the secondary xylem and phloem and is associated with axial transportation

123
Q

Define ray initials

A

Makes rays and is associated with the radial transportation system

124
Q

What is Cohesion-Tension theory?

A

Water is pulled up rather than pushed up. Evaporation from mesophyll cells make a negative water potential gradient drawing water up thru the xylem.

125
Q

Why does the xylem not implode when bringing water up?

A

The secondary walls of the xylem are lignified

126
Q

Define the demand and supply aspect of this part.

A

Rate of transpiration (demand) -> rate of transport (supply)

BIO203 (2 decks)

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