Term Test 1 Flashcards
Pathogenic reaction
Not pathological, a physiological response to an environmental perturbation
Degenerative response
cell injury can be irreversible and reversible
cell death
manifestation of necrosis
3 different types of necrosis
coagulative - firm, recognizable structure
colliquative - semi-liquid, unrecognizable
caseous - soft, whitish grey crump
do tissue staining to differentiate
hyperplasia
increase cell number
metaplasia
replaced by another differentiated cell type
dysplasia
alteration of size, shape and organization of mature cells
anaplasia
loss of mature/specialized feature of a cell
cell does not differentiate
hallmark of cancer
neoplasia
generation of new tissue, cancer, benign or malignant
5 steps in acute inflammation
- site of injury
- neutrophils
- histamine release by mast cells
- chemotactic factors, cell line up at site of injury
- macrophages clean up area
Endocrine vs exocrine
Liver
endocrine: secrete hormones directly into bloodstream (insulin, glucagon)
exocrine: secrete metabolic products into GI tract
(bile, pancreatic juice)
Function of alveolar sacs
contain capillaries for gas exchange
Division of lobes in lungs
three lobes on the right
two lobes of the left
4 basic properties for respiratory system
- large surface area (more gas exchange)
- thin membrane surface (moist)
- method for renewing gas media (breathe in/out)
- freely circulating blood
how does bacteria multiply
binary fission
does not require PMAT in mitosis
coccus
spherical/ovoid (strepto/staphylo)
rod
cylindrical (bacillus)
spirilla
spiral shape
integral membrane proteins
span entire bacterial cytoplasmic membrane
act as channel for transport
peripheral proteins
loosely attached to one side of the cytoplasmic membrane
acts as receptor
3 major function of bacteria CM
- permeability barrier (prevent leakage)
- protein anchor (include both integral and peripheral protein)
- energy conversion (use proton motive force)
what makes up bacterial cell wall?
peptidoglycan (PG)
N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)
amino acids: lysine or diaminopimelic acid (DAP)
peptidoglycan structure
repeating units of NAG and NAM linked by peptide bridges
what is the fundamental unit of peptidoglycan layer
glycan tetrapeptide
gram positive bacteria cell wall structure
90% peptidoglycan
have teichoic acids embedded into wall (provide rigidity by attracting cations and biofilm formation)
gram negative cell wall structure
most cell wall composed of outer membrane (LPS)
3 components of LPS
- Lipid A (endotoxin)
- core polysaccharide
- O-polysaccharide
3 structure that are external to bacterial cell wall
- capsule
- flagella
- fimbriae
5 steps of gram staining protocol
- bacterial suspension dried on glass slide
- crystal violet 1 minute. Wash off
- iodine 1 minutes. Wash off
- 95% alcohol 10 seconds. Wash off
- Safranin (red) 30 seconds.
gram positive: blue
gram negative: red
physical/mechanical barriers
skin, mucus, cilia, tears, saliva, urine
things that can be excreted
chemical barriers
lysozyme
pH
hydrochloric acid, enzymes
sebum in hair follicle
digest bacteria
function of primary lymphoid system
development and maturation of lymphocytes to immunocompetent cells
function of secondary (peripheral) lymphatic organs
provide work area for immunocompetent cells to work
thymus
primary lymphoid tissue
produce WBCs
2 major components of the thymus
parenchyma and stroma
PMN polymorphonuclear leukocyte
basophils
eosinophils
neutrophils
TLRs binds to
TLR 2 and 4: LPS (gram neg)
TLR3: dsDNA (virus)
TLR5: flagellin (gram neg only, gram positive no flagellin)
Listeria
gram positive
enter through zipper mechanism
produces no toxins or enzymes
produce listeriolysin O to break endosome barrier (actin tail)
opportunistic pathogens
normal microbiota that cause disease under certain circumstances
adhesion factors
microbes MUST bind to be infectious
attachment proteins and specialized structure
bone marrow
both primary and secondary lymphoid tissue
symptoms
felt only by patients (headache, cannot be quantified)
signs
measured by other, have to quantify (how many times you vomitted)
4 steps of koch postulates
- suspected agent must be present in all disease case
- must be isolated and grow in pure culture
- must cause disease when injected into healthy host
- same agent must be reisolated
endotoxins
only in gram negative
lipid A portion
release when bacteria dies or cell division
cause macrophage to produce IL-1
release prostaglandins
cause fever and inflammation
exotoxins
secrete outside
A-B toxins, B binds, endocytosis, A inhibit protein synthesis
membrane disruption
superantigens, cause T-cells proliferation and release too much cytokines
2 major components of thymus
- parenchyma
- stroma
