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BIOL 120 Plant Structure > Term Test 1 > Flashcards

Term Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

who were cells discovered by?

A

-robert hooke in cork bark

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2
Q

who confirmed animals are also made of cells?

A

Theodor schwann

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3
Q

what did schleiden and schwann do

A

-create cell theory

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4
Q

what is cell theory

A

-organisms are made up of one or more cells
-the cell structure is the basic unit of structure for all organisms
-new cells arise only from existing cells

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5
Q

what are cyanobacteria

A

-diverse group of marine and freshwater phototrophs
-first to produce oxygen (changed atmosphere of planet in great oxidation event
-contain pigments to preform photosynthesis:
chlorophyll (green), carotenoids (yellow, orange, red), and phycobilins (blue)
-commonly named blue green algae
-blooms produce cyanotoxins which are harmful to animals

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6
Q

cyanobacteria cell anatomy

A

-thylakoid membranes arranged in flattened scs that contain pigments

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7
Q

plastids in plant cells

A

-Plant organelles that make or store food or pigments
-can change from one type to another in process called interconversion
-2 types:
1. leucoplasts
-colourless
-amyloseplasts (starch)
-elaioplasts (oil)
-proteinoplasts (protein)
2. Chromoplasts
-pigmented plastids responsible for tissue colour
-chlorophyll pigment (green)
-carotenoid pigment (yellow, orange, red)
-anthoxanthin pigment (yellow)
-anthocyanin pigment (blue, purple, red)

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8
Q

chloroplasts

A

-chromoplasts that contain chlorophyll pigment
-larger than mitochondria
-cells have have 1 to hundreds of chloroplasts
-have 2 membranes and a circular chromosome
-have series of internal, membrane bound sacs (thylakoids)

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9
Q

who proposed the endosymbiotic theory?

A

lynn margulis

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10
Q

vacuoles

A

-up to 90% of the volume of a plant cell is occupied by the vacuole
-surrounded by a membrane called the tonoplast
-provide structural support and maintain cell shape
-sequesters toxic compounds
-stores ions, water, and dissolved pigments
-crystal formation in specialized cells
-breaks down large macromolecules and organelles

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11
Q

plant cell wall

A

-highly organized complex or polysaccharides and proteins
-makes up 30% of dry weight
-prevents water loss and provides structural support
-made of cellulose bundled to form microfibril
-other cell wall components:
-hemicellulose (carbohydrates that crosslink cellulose microfibrils
-pectin (carbohydrates that “gel” and regulate cell-cell adhesion
-glycoproteins (sugar proteins)

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12
Q

plant cell wall layers

A
  1. primary cell wall
    -contacts the plasma membrane
  2. middle lamella
    -pectin rich
    -cements or binds neighbouring primary cell walls to each other
  3. secondary cell wall
    -not always present
    -between plasma membrane and primary cell wall and is reinforced with lignin (structural support for trees)
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13
Q

what are plasmodesmata

A

tiny strands of cytoplasm that connect cells

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14
Q

what are desmotubules

A

tube like extensions formed by the endoplasmic reticulum of neighbouring cells

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15
Q

the cytoskeleton in the plant cell

A

-network of thread-like proteins found throughout the cytoplasm
-determines the cell shape, cell division, organelle anchoring, and movement

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16
Q

what is myosin

A

-motor protein
-travels on actin filaments
-enable cytoplasmic streaming

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17
Q

what is cytoplasmic streaming

A

-moving the organelles of a plant in a circular motion around the cell
-distributes light evenly to chloroplasts

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18
Q

how many years ago did the first plants form? (green algae from water to land)

A

450 million years ago

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19
Q

info about euglenoids

A

-most live in fresh water
-have 2 flagella (long and short)
-do not have cell wall but a pellicle
-eyespot for light detection
-chloroplasts have 3 membranes
-paramylon carbohydrates are stores instead of starch
-all photosynthesize but some engulf food too (mixotrophs)

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20
Q

what are the 3 groups of algae (before 2009)

A
  1. chromophyta
    -yellow green algae
    -golden brown algae
    -diatoms
    -brown algae
  2. rhodophyta
    -red algae
  3. chlorophyta
    -green algae (ancestor to land plants)
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21
Q

characteristics of chromophyta

A

-food reserves and pigment
-chlorophyll c, fucoxanthin (adapted carotenoid)

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22
Q

brown algae

A

-chromophyta
-kelp
-are all multicellular
-sexual reproduction
-vegetative body is known as thallus

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23
Q

how did brown algae and diatoms result

A

-from secondary endosymbiosis

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24
Q

characteristics of rhodophyta

A

-red algae (seaweeds)
-all multicellular
-complex life cycle and sexual reproduction
-distinctive red phycobiliproteins are more sensitive than chlorophyll and allow algae to live at great depths
-have carrageenan in cell wall
-source of agar

25
what are the 4 groups of algae (after 2009)
1. chromophyta -yellow green algae -golden brown algae -diatoms -brown algae 2. rhodophyta -red algae 3. chlorophyta -chlorophytes (green algae) -prasinophytes (green algae) 4. streptophyta -charophytes (green algae) -embryophytes (land plants)
26
prasinophytes characteristics
-marine -unicellular -motile with up to 8 flagella -non motile (plankton) -no cell wall (some have scales) -1 chloroplast and 1 mitochondria
27
chlorophytes characteristics
-mostly fresh water -unicellular or colonial, or multicellular -have chlorophyll a and b
28
what are pyrenoids
micro-compartments that concentrate carbon dioxide for photosynthesis
29
charophytes characteristics (Chara)
-closely related to land plants -often called stoneworts (mineralized cell walls) -thalli with whorled branched
30
features of chara shared with vascular land plants
-parenchyma (leaf) like cells -apical growth (upwards) -lateral branches -cellulose in cell wall (plasmodesmata) -develop phargmoplasts and cell plated during mitosis -protect zygotes with lignin like compound
31
sun damage in plants
photodamage: excess visible light leads to reactive oxygen species and damage to photosynthetic machinery in plastids and potentially cell death
32
reduce photodamage
-pigments such as carotenoids act like sunscreen -light avoidance (cytoplasmic streaming)
33
lichen
-composite organism -algae or cyanobacteria live with filaments of fungi -algae or cyanobacteria preform photosynthesis and produce carbohydrates for fungi -fungal hyphae provide moisture, nutrients, and protection from the environment
34
what are bryophytes
-"moss plant" -non vascular plants -instead of xylem they have water conducting cells called hydroids -others simply absorb water through surface cells -some have food conducting cells called leptoids (instead of phloem)
35
similarities of bryophytes and "higher vascular plants"
-protected male and female reproductive structures -multicellular embryo is protected within female parent -sporophyte produces spores by meiosis -store food reserves from photosynthesis as starch in plastids -some have stomata for gas exchange (hornworts) -some have waxy cuticle to prevent water loss (moss)
36
bryophyte similarities to green algae
-similar structures to leaves and stems (thallus) -no roots that function in absorption -have anchoring structures (rhizoids) -similar cellulose wall composition -similar chloroplast anatomy (thylakoids stacked into grana) -alternation of generations (sexual and asexual reproduction)
37
alternation of generations
-alternation between sporophyte (2n) and gametophyte (1n) -unlike other sexual reproduction where only gametes are haploid 1. sporophyte generation (2n) fertilization --> zygote --> sporophyte --> sporocyte --> meiosis 2. gametophyte generation (1n) meiosis --> spore --> gametophyte --> gamete (x2) --> fertilization
38
common features in algae, bryophytes, and fungi of alternation of generations
-gametophyte is dominant -produce mitotic male gametes in antheridium and one female gamete in archegonium -gametes can be produced on one plant or distinct male and female plants -water is required for sexual reproduction -sporophyte remains attached to gametophyte -sporophyte gives rise to gametophytes through meiosis -retain ability to asexually reproduce by fragmentation
39
liverworts
-phylum hepaticophyta -flattened, lobed thalli -gametophytes develop from spores -in thalloid liverworts growth is prostrate and one celled rhizoids on the lower surface anchor plant
40
liverworts reproduction
-archegonia with eggs in rows and hang down -antheridia that contain sperm found on upper surface -asexual reproduction by gemmae which are tiny lens shaped pieces of tissue that become detached from thallus
41
mosses
-3 classes: peat, rock, and true moss -have waxy cuticle to prevent water loss -one cell thick blades -stem like axis without phloem or xylem often has central strand of conducting tissue with leptoids and hydroids
42
moss life cycle
1. sporophyte generation (2n) fertilization --> zygote --> sporophyte --> sporocyte --> meiosis 2. gametophyte generation (1n) meiosis --> spores (develop into filamentous protonema that produce buds that develop into leafy gametophytes) --> gametophyte --> archegonium (top splits off and form cap called calyptra) or antheridium --> fertilization
43
what is lignin
-first seen in seedless vascular plants -replaces water and encrusts cellulose to strengthen the cell wall -plants can now grow upright and taller which increases their access to light and provides protection from predation
44
seedless vascular plants (SVP)
-developed vasculature -internal conducting tissue (phloem and xylem) -true leaves and roots that function in absorption and anchorage -many have roots associating with fungal rhizomes -no flowers or seeds -sporophyte becomes dominant and gametophyte becomes progressively smaller
45
whisk ferns
-phylum psilotophyta -have rhizomes (horizontal underground plant stem that produces root and shoot systems) - roots scattered along rhizomes -dichotomous branching stems arise from rhizomes in ground, no leaves -stems have enations (non vascularized flaps of tissue along stem)
46
club mosses
-phylum lycophyta -stems have microphylls (vascularized enations)
47
ground pines
-phylum lycophyta -grow on forest floors
48
spike mosses
-phylum lycophyta -abundant in tropics -branch more freely than ground pines -produce two different kinds of gametophytes (heterosporous) : megaspores and microspores
49
horsetails and scouring rushes
-phylum equisetophyta -branched and unbranched forms -silica deposits in epidermal cell wall hardens the stem -strobili at stem tips house sporangia
50
the ferns
-phylum polypodiophyta -most successful of svp -vary greatly in size -fern leaves are megaphylls called fronds -fronds first appear coiled in crozier (fiddlehead) and then unroll and expand
51
life cycle of ferns
-sporangium on lower surface of leaves -found in clusters called sori (sorus) -protected by indusia -annulus catapults spores out of sporangium -spores grow into gametophytes called prothalli (prothallus) -prothalli are one cell thik and have archegonia and antheridia -zygote develops into young sporophyte -gametophyte dies and sporophyte grows independently
52
gymnosperm seeds
-exposed seeds such as in pine cones -seeds produced on surface of sporophylls or strobuli
53
angiosperm seeds
-seeds enclosed in a fruit
54
adaptations of gymnosperms
-not dependant on water for fertilization -sporophyte more dominant -heterospory -gametophyte contained and dependant on sporophyte -developed vascular system, true roots, stems, and leaves -secondary growth
55
what is secondary growth
-adds lignin in layers throughout lifespan -allows for upwards and outward growth
56
what is a seed
fertilized mature ovule that contains: 1. an embryo 2. stored food reserves 3. protective seed coat
57
phylum cycadophyta
-slow growing plants in tropics and subtropics -tall, unbranched trunks -crown of large pinnately divided leaves -beetle pollinators -sperm with many flagella
58
phylum gnetophyta
-share some properties with angiosperm vascular tissue and double fertilization
59
phylum ginkgophyta
-only one living species -broad fan shaped leaves with no midrib -dioecious (separate pollen and seed producing plants) -trees can switch between male and female -seeds enclosed by fleshy coat with disgusting odour

BIOL 120 Plant Structure (3 decks)

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