Term Exam

Question 1

What are the 5 purpose of cell division?

Answer 1

• Growth
• Repair/maintenance of tissues
• Regeneration of body parts
• Asexual reproduction
• Gamete formation

Question 2

What is mitosis?

Answer 2

Mitosis is a type of cell division that results to two daughter cell having the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. This occur in somatic or body cells.

Question 3

What is meiosis?

Answer 3

Meiosis a type of cell division that results to four daughter cells in which they have half the numbers of chromosomes as the parent cells. In meiosis I, the diploid cell results to two haploid cells. In meiosis II, the resulting haploid cells result to another set of two haploid cells.

Question 4

Differentiate chromatin, chromatid, and chromosome.

Answer 4

Chromatin is an uncoiled strand of DNA. Chromatid is coiled and condensed strand of DNA. Chromosome is a pair of chromatids joined together by a centromere.

Question 5

What are the phases in interphase?

Answer 5

• G1 phase
• S phase
• G2 phase

Question 6

What happens in the G1 phase?

Answer 6

In the G1 phase, the cell will continue to grow. The organelles are duplicated in order to ensure that both daughter cell will receive the same amount of organelles. The protein, enyzmes and other materials for cell division are prepared.

Question 7

What happens in the S phase?

Answer 7

The DNA is replicated so that both daughter cells will receive a copy of the DNA.

Question 8

What happens in the G1 phase?

Answer 8

The cell will continue to grow and prepare materials for cell division.

Question 9

How does a cell enters the G0 stage?

Answer 9

If there is DNA damage as detected by a checkpoint, the cell will kill itself. If it is a specialized cell, it will stay in this phase.

Question 10

What are checkpoints?

Answer 10

Checkpoints are proteins and enzymes that evaluate the cell’s conditions throughout the cell cycle.

Question 11

What is the function of the G1 checkpoint?

Answer 11

G1 checkpoints check for nutrients, growth factors, and the DNA damage after the cell division process.

Question 12

What is the function of the G2 checkpoint?

Answer 12

G2 checkpoints check for the cell size and damage during DNA replication.

Question 13

What is the function of the metaphase checkpoint?

Answer 13

The metaphase checkpoints check if the sister chromosomes are attached to a spindle fiber.

Question 14

What is synapsis?

Answer 14

Synapsis is the process of pairing of homologous chromosomes.

Question 15

What are tetrads?

Answer 15

Tetrads are the result of the pairing of homologous chromosomes of homologous chromosomes.

Question 16

What is the chiasmata?

Answer 16

Chiasmata is the point of contact where exchange of genetic traits occur. It produces a unique characteristics among the different types of cell.

Question 17

Differentiate meiosis I from meiosis II.

Answer 17

Meiosis I is called chromosome reduction. It starts with a diploid (2n) cell to a haploid cell. Meiosis II is called normal mitosis. It starts and end with a haploid cell.

Question 18

What are the substances involved in the cell cycle regulation?

Answer 18

The two substances involved in regulation are the cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinase. Cyclin is a protein that stops processes. Cyclin-dependent kinase is an enzyme that eliminated the cyclin to resume the processes. The location of this process is in the nucleus.

Question 19

What is nondisjunction?

Answer 19

Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatid to separate properly during cell division.

Question 20

What is monosomy?

Answer 20

Monosomy is the loss of a single chromosome in which the daughter cell with the defect will have one chromosome missing from one of its part.

Question 21

What is trisomy?

Answer 21

Trisomy gaining a single chromosome in which the daughter cell with the defect will have one chromosome in addition to its pairs.

Question 22

What is apoptosis?

Answer 22

Apoptosis is the programmed death of cells. Examples of this are the shedding of leaves during autumn, development of human hand and feet and removal of frog tails.

Question 23

What are simple squamous epithelial cells?

Answer 23

Simple squamous epithelial cells used for exchange of material through diffusion. Exists in blood vessels and air sacs of lungs

Question 24

What are simple cuboidal epithelial cells?

Answer 24

Simple cuboidal epithelial cells secrete and absorb water and small molecules. Found in kidney tubules and glands.

Question 25

What are simple columnar epithelial cells?

Answer 25

Simple columnar epithelial cells are brick-shaped cells for secretion and active absorption. It’s found in linings of most digestive organs.

Question 26

What are stratified squamous epithelial cells?

Answer 26

Stratified squamous cells are multilayered and they regenerate quickly. They are for protection against abrasion and drying out. Found in outer layer of skin and mouth.

Question 27

What are stratified cuboidal epithelial cells?

Answer 27

Stratified cuboidal cells are for secretion water and ions. It lines the ducts of sweat glands.

Question 28

What are pseudo-stratified epithelial cells?

Answer 28

Pseudo-stratified cells are stacked cells. For lining of respiratory tracts; lined with cilia.

Question 29

What are loose connective tissues?

Answer 29

Loose connective tissue holds organs in place and underlies epithelia like adipose tissue .

Question 30

What are fibrous connective tissues?

Answer 30

Fibrous connective tissues are stretchable between parts, like tendons and ligaments.

Question 31

What are cartilages?

Answer 31

Cartilages are internal framework of airways, ears and nose. They cover end of bones and support soft tissues. They reduce friction at joints.

Question 32

What are bone tissues?

Answer 32

Bone tissues protect soft tissue, function in movement and stores minerals, produce blood cells and bulk of most vertebrate skeleton.