Term Exam Flashcards
What are the 5 purpose of cell division?
- Growth
- Repair/maintenance of tissues
- Regeneration of body parts
- Asexual reproduction
- Gamete formation
What is mitosis?
Mitosis is a type of cell division that results to two daughter cell having the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. This occur in somatic or body cells.
What is meiosis?
Meiosis a type of cell division that results to four daughter cells in which they have half the numbers of chromosomes as the parent cells. In meiosis I, the diploid cell results to two haploid cells. In meiosis II, the resulting haploid cells result to another set of two haploid cells.
Differentiate chromatin, chromatid, and chromosome.
Chromatin is an uncoiled strand of DNA. Chromatid is coiled and condensed strand of DNA. Chromosome is a pair of chromatids joined together by a centromere.
What are the phases in interphase?
- G1 phase
- S phase
- G2 phase
What happens in the G1 phase?
In the G1 phase, the cell will continue to grow. The organelles are duplicated in order to ensure that both daughter cell will receive the same amount of organelles. The protein, enyzmes and other materials for cell division are prepared.
What happens in the S phase?
The DNA is replicated so that both daughter cells will receive a copy of the DNA.
What happens in the G1 phase?
The cell will continue to grow and prepare materials for cell division.
How does a cell enters the G0 stage?
If there is DNA damage as detected by a checkpoint, the cell will kill itself. If it is a specialized cell, it will stay in this phase.
What are checkpoints?
Checkpoints are proteins and enzymes that evaluate the cell’s conditions throughout the cell cycle.
What is the function of the G1 checkpoint?
G1 checkpoints check for nutrients, growth factors, and the DNA damage after the cell division process.
What is the function of the G2 checkpoint?
G2 checkpoints check for the cell size and damage during DNA replication.
What is the function of the metaphase checkpoint?
The metaphase checkpoints check if the sister chromosomes are attached to a spindle fiber.
What is synapsis?
Synapsis is the process of pairing of homologous chromosomes.
What are tetrads?
Tetrads are the result of the pairing of homologous chromosomes of homologous chromosomes.
What is the chiasmata?
Chiasmata is the point of contact where exchange of genetic traits occur. It produces a unique characteristics among the different types of cell.
Differentiate meiosis I from meiosis II.
Meiosis I is called chromosome reduction. It starts with a diploid (2n) cell to a haploid cell. Meiosis II is called normal mitosis. It starts and end with a haploid cell.
What are the substances involved in the cell cycle regulation?
The two substances involved in regulation are the cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinase. Cyclin is a protein that stops processes. Cyclin-dependent kinase is an enzyme that eliminated the cyclin to resume the processes. The location of this process is in the nucleus.
What is nondisjunction?
Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatid to separate properly during cell division.
What is monosomy?
Monosomy is the loss of a single chromosome in which the daughter cell with the defect will have one chromosome missing from one of its part.
What is trisomy?
Trisomy gaining a single chromosome in which the daughter cell with the defect will have one chromosome in addition to its pairs.
What is apoptosis?
Apoptosis is the programmed death of cells. Examples of this are the shedding of leaves during autumn, development of human hand and feet and removal of frog tails.
What are simple squamous epithelial cells?
Simple squamous epithelial cells used for exchange of material through diffusion. Exists in blood vessels and air sacs of lungs
What are simple cuboidal epithelial cells?
Simple cuboidal epithelial cells secrete and absorb water and small molecules. Found in kidney tubules and glands.
What are simple columnar epithelial cells?
Simple columnar epithelial cells are brick-shaped cells for secretion and active absorption. It’s found in linings of most digestive organs.
What are stratified squamous epithelial cells?
Stratified squamous cells are multilayered and they regenerate quickly. They are for protection against abrasion and drying out. Found in outer layer of skin and mouth.
What are stratified cuboidal epithelial cells?
Stratified cuboidal cells are for secretion water and ions. It lines the ducts of sweat glands.
What are pseudo-stratified epithelial cells?
Pseudo-stratified cells are stacked cells. For lining of respiratory tracts; lined with cilia.
What are loose connective tissues?
Loose connective tissue holds organs in place and underlies epithelia like adipose tissue .
What are fibrous connective tissues?
Fibrous connective tissues are stretchable between parts, like tendons and ligaments.
What are cartilages?
Cartilages are internal framework of airways, ears and nose. They cover end of bones and support soft tissues. They reduce friction at joints.
What are bone tissues?
Bone tissues protect soft tissue, function in movement and stores minerals, produce blood cells and bulk of most vertebrate skeleton.
