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PHILOSOPHY > TERM AS A CONVENTIONAL SIGN > Flashcards

TERM AS A CONVENTIONAL SIGN Flashcards

1
Q

Can be defined from two points of view: From the point of view of its being a sign of a concept and from the point of view of its being a part of a proposition

A

Term

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2
Q

Anything that conveys a message beyond itself

A

Sign

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3
Q

Refers to only one individual or group

A

Nature of Terms

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4
Q

Indicators of Singularity Include:

A
  1. Superlative (tallest player, holiest person)
  2. Demonstrative Pronouns (this room, those mountains)
  3. Proper Names (Calamba, Plato)
  4. Personal Pronouns (I, you, he, she, it)
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5
Q

One which has a necessary connection with what it signifies; there is a natural link that exists between the sign and the signified

A

Natural Sign

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6
Q

Signs designed by human traditions, agreement or convention. These are man-made signs. There is no necessary connection between the sign and the signified because it is only people who agreed to let the sign stand for a particular thing.

A

Conventional Sign

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7
Q

QUANTITY OF TERMS:

one which stands for only one individual or group definitely and directly

A

Singular Terms

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8
Q

___________ are singular in quantity. There can only be one best, holiest, prettiest, richest and so on. Designating an individual or group in the superlative degree directly points to one and only one.

A

Superlatives

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9
Q

____________ (this, that, these, those) is to point out a definite individual or group. Whenever a term is preceded by demonstrative pronouns, the quantity is singular.

A

Demonstrative Pronouns

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10
Q

______________ also point out an individual or group directly. Although some individuals or groups have the same name, there is only one individual or group that we have in mind when the name is used.

A

Proper names

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11
Q

________ are also considered singular

A

Personal Pronouns

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12
Q

QUANTITY OF TERMS:

It does not directly specify the number of individuals or groups that it is referring to.

A

Particular Terms

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13
Q

a lot of much nearly all
Almost of not all few
Not every majority of several
Many some minority of
Most of someone something

A

Particular Temrs

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14
Q

QUANTITY OF TERMS:

If it can be applied to all subjects that it can possibly stand for.

A

Universal Terms

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15
Q

All everything any no anybody
No one anything nobody each none
Every nothing everybody whatever everyone
Whoever without exception

A

Universal Terms

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16
Q

The quantity of the term may be determined by considering the meaning of the entire proposition.

A

Non-Quantified Terms

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17
Q

Categorical proposition is composed of three basic elements:

A

Subject, Predicate, Copula

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18
Q

_____ is the part of the proposition about which something is affirmed or denied

A

Subject

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19
Q

________ is the part of the proposition, which signifies what is affirmed or denied of the subject

A

Predicate

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20
Q

_____________ part of the proposition which either joins/unites or separates/divides the subject and the predicate

A

Copula

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21
Q

QUANTITY OF PROPOSITION:

If the subject is singular, the quantity of the proposition is _______

A

Singular

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22
Q

QUANTITY OF PROPOSITION:

If the subject is particular, the quantity of the proposition is

A

Particular

23
Q

QUANTITY OF PROPOSITION:

If the subject is universal, the quantity of the proposition is

A

Universal

24
Q

_________ determined by the copula.
If the copula joins or unites the subject and the predicate, the quality of the proposition is affirmative.

A

Quality of the Proposition

25
Q

SYMBOLS OF THE PROPOSITION:

Universal or Singular - Affirmative

A

A

26
Q

SYMBOLS OF THE PROPOSITION:

Universal or Singular - Negative

A

E

27
Q

SYMBOLS OF THE PROPOSITION:

Particular - Affirmative

A

I

28
Q

SYMBOLS OF THE PROPOSITION:

Particular - Negative

A

O

29
Q

RULES OF QUANTITY OF THE PREDICATE

If the quality of the Proposition is Affirmative, the quantity of the predicate is ______

A

Particular

30
Q

RULES OF QUANTITY OF THE PREDICATE

If the quality of the Proposition is negative, the quantity of the predicate is ______

A

Universal

31
Q

RULES OF QUANTITY OF THE PREDICATE

If the predicate is immediately found to be singular, the quantity of the predicate ________

A

Singular

32
Q

When you meet someone better than yourself, turn your thoughts to becoming his equal. When you meet someone not as good as you are, look within and examine your own self.

A

Inference (Analects of Confucius)

33
Q

The process of formulating a new proposition by interchanging the subject and predicate of an original proposition but leaving its quality unchanged

A

Conversion

34
Q

The original proposition (or the premise) in the process of conversion is called the _________

A

Converted

35
Q

The new proposition (or the conclusion) is called the _______

A

Converse

36
Q

RULES GOVERNING CONVERSION

A
  1. Interchange the subject and the predicate of the converted.
  2. Retain the quality of the convertend.
  3. Do not extend any term.
37
Q

EXTENDING TERM

A

P TO U

38
Q

The process of formulating a new proposition by retaining the subject and quantity of an original proposition, changing its quality and using as predicate the contradictory of the original predicate

A

Obversion

39
Q

The original proposition (the premise) in the process of obversion is called the __________

A

Obverted

40
Q

The new proposition (the conclusion) is called the ________

A

Obverse

41
Q

RULES GOVERNING OBVERSION

A
  1. Retain the subject and the quantity of the obvertend.
  2. Change the quality.
  3. Contradict the predicate.
42
Q

OBVERSION:

When obverted, the A proposition becomes an

A

E proposition

43
Q

The process of formulating a new proposition whose subject is the contradictory of the original predicate

A

Contraposition

44
Q

The original proposition, which serves as the starting point of the process, is called the

A

Contraponend

45
Q

The new proposition (the conclusion), derived from the original proposition, is called

A

Contraposit

46
Q

FORMAL RULEWS GOVERNING CONTRAPOSITION

A
  1. Obvert the contraponend.
  2. Convert the obverse.
  3. Obvert Contraposite type 1
47
Q

SYMBOL PATTERNS TO CONTRAPOSITION

A

A - AEEA/AEOI
E - EAIO
O - OIIO
I - IO NO CONTRAPOSITE

48
Q

It is the process whereby the mind proceeds from the known or assumed truth or falsity of one proposition to the truth, falsity or dubitability (doubtfulness) of another proposition.

A

Oppositional Inference

49
Q

the opposition of a pair of proposition so related to one another that they cannot be true or false at the same time

A

Contradictory Opposition

50
Q

RULES GOVERNING CONTRADICTORY OPPOSITION

A

If A is true, O is false; but if A is false, O is true.
If E is true, I is false; but if E is false, I is true.
If I is true, E is false; but if I is false, E is true.
If O is true, A is false; but if O is false, A is true.

51
Q

The opposition existing between two propositions, which cannot be simultaneously true but can be simultaneously false

A

Contrary Opposition

52
Q

RULES GOVERNING CONTRARY OPPOSITION

A

If A is true, E is false; but if A is false, E is doubtful.
If E is true, A is false; but if E is false, A is doubtful

53
Q

FORMAL RULES GOVERNING THE CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISM

A
  1. There must be three terms only, Major term, minor term, and middle terms
  2. Each term must occur in two propositions
  3. The major and the minor term must never be extended
  4. The middle term must be universal (or singular) at least once
  5. If both premises are affirmative, the conclusion must also be affirmative
  6. If one premise is affirmative and the other is negative, the conclusion must be negative
  7. If both premises are negative, no logical conclusion can be drawn.
  8. At least one premise must be universal of singular
  9. If one premise is particular, and the other is universal, the conclusion must be particular

PHILOSOPHY (2 decks)

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