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Year 10 Science > Term 4- Biology > Flashcards

Term 4- Biology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

recombinant DNA

A

altered DNA

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2
Q

gene splicing

A

tiny segments of a gene are taken out and replaced by different genes; recombinant DNA is joined to other unrelated DNA in the organism

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3
Q

process of genetic engineering

A

cell nucleus > DNA extraction > select a gene > remove, alter, or rearrange it > return the altered gene

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4
Q

genetic engineering

A

artificial manipulation, modification, and recombination of DNA or other nucleic acid molecules in order to modify an organism or population of organisms

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5
Q

GMO

A

genetically modified organism- an organism generated through genetic engineering (also known as transgenic organism)

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6
Q

transgenic organism

A

another word for GMO- genetically modified organism

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7
Q

when was genetic engineering technology invented?

A

1970’s

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8
Q

four main fields using genetic engineering

A

agriculture/food industry, medicine, research, entertainment

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9
Q

why use GE in agriculture/food industry

A

GM foods- grow higher yields, more resistant to infection/pests, infuse with more nutrients

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10
Q

GE examples in medicine

A

insulin, human growth hormone, treatments for cancer, vaccines, artificial organs, gene therapy

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11
Q

examples of GE in entertainment

A

glowing pets, lavender-coloured carnations, BioArt etc.

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12
Q

what are the building blocks of proteins?

A

amino acids

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13
Q

what DNA base pairs with T?

A

A

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14
Q

what DNA base pairs with G?

A

C

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15
Q

what DNA base pairs with C?

A

G

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16
Q

what DNA base pairs with A?

A

T

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17
Q

male genotype?

A

XY

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18
Q

female genotype?

A

XX

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19
Q

phenotypes

A

observable, physical traits resulting from how your genes are expressed

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20
Q

genotype

A

two letters that represent a gene’s allele pair that is responsible for a trait

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21
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid- genetic info

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22
Q

what shape is DNA

A

coiled double helix

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23
Q

chromosomes

A

long strands of genetic info (molecules of DNA) found in nucleus
come in identical homologous pairs

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24
Q

how many chromosomes in the body

A

23 pairs (46 total)

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25
Q

which chromosomes don’t come in pairs?

A

sex chromosomes

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26
Q

genes

A

shorter sections of DNA that code for specific characteristics or activity; inherited from parents

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27
Q

allele

A

variant forms of genes

28
Q

The (1) contains the (2), which contains the (3). (3) is made of (4).

A
  1. nucleus of every cell
  2. chromosomes
  3. genes
  4. DNA
29
Q

how many types of bases in strands of DNA

A

4-adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine

30
Q

what is the backbone of DNA made of

A

sugar phosphate

31
Q

types of cell division

A

mitosis and meiosis

32
Q

stages of mitosis

A
  1. interphase- chromosome make a copy of itself
  2. prophase- copies of chromosomes fasten together, nuclear membrane disappears
  3. metaphase- chromosomes line up along the center
  4. anaphase- chromosomes split and are pulled to opposite ends of the cell
  5. telophase- chromosomes become hard to see, cells split and two membranes form (two new identical cells through cytokinesis)
33
Q

stages of meiosis

A
  1. two pairs of chromosomes in a cell
  2. chromosomes duplicate
  3. homologous chromosomes line up the cell’s equator
  4. cells split in two producing cells with different chromosomes
  5. chromosomes separate again
  6. four cells are formed
34
Q

genetics

A

study of heredity

35
Q

traits

A

inherited characteristics (from parents)

36
Q

how many pairs of genes does each person have

A

70,000

37
Q

types of genes

A

dominant and recessive

38
Q

dominant trait

A

strongest, masks or covers the recessive trait; trait observed in the first generation where parents have different traits

39
Q

recessive trait

A

weaker, only expressed without dominant trait being present; trait that reappears in the second generation after disappearing in the first

40
Q

where are chromosomes located

A

the nucleus of a cell

41
Q

genetic code

A

the means by which DNA carry genetic info in cells

42
Q

base

A

a unit of DNA

43
Q

protein

A

compounds made of molecules made of long chains of amino acids, that are in all organisms

44
Q

adenine

A

one of the bases of DNA, pair with thymine

45
Q

guanine

A

one of the bases of DNA, pair with cytosine

46
Q

thymine

A

one of the bases of DNA, pair with adenine

47
Q

cytosine

A

one of the bases of DNA, pair with guanine

48
Q

sugar phosphate backbone

A

the structural framework of nucleic acids (including DNA), alternating sugar and phosphate groups

49
Q

sex linked traits

A

genes that are carried by either sex chromosomes (X or Y)

50
Q

how many genes are known to be X linked in a human

A

120

51
Q

pedigree

A

the recorded genetic information of a person’s lineage

52
Q

pedigree symbol for male

A

square

53
Q

pedigree symbol for female

A

circle

54
Q

pedigree symbol for carrying a trait

A

shaded shape

55
Q

pedigree symbol for married

A

horizontal line

56
Q

pedigree symbol for not affected

A

not shaded shape

57
Q

autosomal dominant

A
  1. can’t skip generations
  2. unshaded = homozygous recessive
  3. shaded = heterozygous or homozygous dominant
  4. (need at least one capital letter)
58
Q

autosomal recessive

A
  1. can skip generations
  2. shaded = homozygous recessive
  3. unshaded with shaded children = heterozygous
  4. need 2 recessive alleles
59
Q

X-linked recessive

A
  1. can skip generations
  2. males need only one copy of the trait
  3. if female has it, all sons will have it
  4. if a female has it, her father must have it
60
Q

mutation

A

a permanent change in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene

61
Q

gametic mutation

A

occurs in the cells, then the changes in genes can be passed through offspring

62
Q

somatic mutation

A

caused by environmental factors, chemicals, temperature changes, viruses

63
Q

types of mutation

A

deletion, duplication, inversion, insertion, translocation

64
Q

mutagen

A

an agent that changes the DNA of an organism, and increases frequency of mutations

65
Q

mitosis

A

process where nucleus and duplicated chromosomes divide and are evenly divided into two daughter nuclei

66
Q

meiosis

A

cell division that occurs in two stages, resulting in four cells

Year 10 Science (2 decks)

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