Term 3 Anatomy Flashcards
Define Biomechanics
Study of the laws of mechanics related to motion.
Define Functional Anatomy
Study of function of muscles and bones in movement
What are the 2 parts of the skeleton?
Axial and Appendicular
Which skeleton part is the spine and head?
Axial
Which skeleton part is the outer extremities?
Appendicular
What are the 6 functions of the skeletal system?
Support, Protection, Movement, Mineral Storage, Blood Cell production, Energy Storage
What does the skeletal system protect?
Internal organs
T or F: Red bone marrow makes blood cells.
True
T or F: The skeletal system stores water.
False
What are the 4 classifications of bones?
Long, Short, Flat, Irregular
What is an example of flat bones?
Skull, breast/chest
What is an example of irregular bones?
vertebrae, Facial bones, shoulder blades
What are the 3 joint classifications?
Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial
Explain the Cartilaginous joint function
The joint has no cavity, only held by cartilage
Name the 6 structures of a Synovial joint
Articular capsule, Articular cartilage, synovial fluid, bursa, tendons, ligaments
What is Synovial Fluid?
A secretion that nourishes the articular cartilage
Where is synovial fluid stored?
in the bursa
Name the 6 types of Synovial joints
Gliding, Hinge, Pivot, Saddle, Ball and socket
What is the difference between origin and insertion of muscles?
Origin is the muscle attached to less movable bone, while insertion is more movable bone
How does movement in the body happen?
Muscles convert chemical energy into mechanical energy
What are the 3 types of muscle?
Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth
What does the cardiac muscle create?
Forms most of the heart
What is smooth muscle?
Smooth muscle is the muscle on the walls on internal structures, such as intestines
What are the 3 functions of muscle?
Movement to walk, digest, and excrete, stabilization, generate heat
T or F: muscles are arranged together to oppose each others motion
True
T or F: Muscles only do 2 actions
True
What are the 2 actions muscles do?
Contraction and Relaxation
What are the 3 muscle relationship classifications?
Agonist, Antagonist, Stabiliser
What does the agonist do?
Agonist contracts to cause the desired movement
What are the 2 types of stabilisers?
Synergists, Fixators
What is a fixator?
Muscle which stabilisers the joint of a movement
What are the 2 main types of contractions?
Isotonic, Isometric
T or F: Metric is a type of contraction
False
What is a isotonic contraction?
When the muscle changes length during the contraction
T or F: Concentric contractions is when the muscle lengthens
False
Do isometric contractions lengthen the muscle or shorten it?
Neither, the muscle does not change length during isometric contractions
Examples of isometric contractions
Squat hold, plank
What are the 5 principles in biomechanics?
Force (production), Motion, Balance/stability, Levers and Bernoulli’s principle
T or F: Biomechanics can make athletes techniques worse
False
Define force
Anything that causes or has the potential to cause movement of an object
How do you calculate Force?
Force = Mass (kg) x Acceleration (m/s)
What are the 2 different types of force (in biomechanics)
Internal and External
What are the 2 types of external forces (in biomechanics)
Contact forces, non-contact
How many types of contact forces are there?
6
What are the contact forces?
Ground reaction, joint reaction, friction, fluid resistance, inertial force, elastic force
T or F: air resistance is a type of friction force
True, because it is counted as friction
Define Force Production
Ability of the body to generate movement against resistance
What are the 3 biomechanical concepts involved in force production?
Momentum, Summation of force, impulse
How do you calculate momentum?
Mass (kg) x Velocity (m/s)
T or F: Momentum can be lost
False
How does conservation of momentum work?
Momentum is transferred from one object to another
T or F: Summation of forces means the largest force
False
What influences summation of force?
Number of body parts, order and timing, force and velocity generated, way in which body is balanced
T or F: Balance affects total power exerted.
True
What is impulse (in biomechanics)?
Combined effort of force and time.
Which requires more force, a jump or hitting a baseball with a bat?
Baseball, because the time is shorter, so need a larger force
What are the 4 types of motion
Linear, Curvilinear, Angular, General
What is curvilinear motion?
Any motion on a curved line
What is angular motion?
Any motion around a central point
T or F: Angular motion can only happen outside of the body
False
Example of general motion
Running, spinning ball
What is displacement?
Distance from start
What is difference between velocity and speed?
Velocity is speed with a direction
What is Newton’s 1st law?
An object will not move until force put on
How many Law’s does Newton have?
3
T or F: F=MxA is Newton’s 3rd law
False
What is Newton’s 3rd law?
Every action has an equal and opposite reaction
T or F: only round objects in the air are considered projectiles
False, all aerial objects are considered projectiles
2 main types of sport projectiles are?
Implements, bodies
What are implements?
Equipment thrown into the air during sports
What is trajectory?
The line an object travels on while in the air
What 2 external factors affect trajectory?
Drag, gravity
What 3 release factors affect trajectory?
angle, height, and speed of release
T or F: 45 degrees is the best angle of release, always
False
T or F: hydro balance is a type of balance
False
What are the 2 types of balance?
Static and dynamic
How does Centre of gravity affect the base of gravity
To have the strongest stability your center of gravity needs to be over your base of support
T or F: Mass decreases stability
False
T or F: Levers make it easier to lift heavy objects
False
What are the 3 parts of a lever?
Load, force, fulcrum
T or F: Fulcrum is a joint
False
How many types of levers are there?
3
Where is the fulcrum placed for a 2nd class lever?
Next to the resistance on the edge
Which part of a lever is in the middle for a 3rd class lever?
Force
What is mechanical advantage?
Being able to increase load without increasing force
Which levers create mechanical advantage?
1st and 2nd class
Which type of lever is bobbing your head up and down?
1st class
Fulcrum: neck
Load: Head
Force: Neck tendons
T or F: calf raises is an example of 2nd class levers
True
What are levers in the body called?
Anatomical levers
T or F: Tall athletes have an advantage in weightlifting
False
Which arm is bigger for a force multiplier?
The force arm
Which arm is bigger for a speed multiplier?
The Resistance arm
What is flextion?
Decreasing angle between bones
What is adduction?
Moving bone towards body
What is abduction?
Moving bone away body
