term 3 Flashcards
The largest bones of the arm and the leg are the:
Humerus/Femur
The nutrients that become part of the bone matrix are:
calcium and phophrous
The cells that produce bone matrix and those that reabsorb bone matrix are called:
osteoblasts/osteoclasts
Red bone marrow is found in the:
spongy bone in flat and irregular bones
Red bone marrow produces these cells:
red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
All of the following are irregular bones except:
metacarpals
The malleus, incus, and stapes are within the __ bone and concerned within __.
temporal / hearing
Sutures are the __joints of the __.
immovable /skull
The fontanels of a baby’s skull are made of:
fiborous connective tissue
The vitamin necessary for efficient absorption of calcium and phosphorus by the small intestine is:
vitamin D
An example of a ball-and-socket joint is the one between the:
femur and hip bone
For bones, the terms, “exercise” and “stress” mean:
bearing weight
These bones are all part of the axial skeleton except the:
hip bone
In the embryo, the bones of the arms and legs are first made of:
cartiladge
Which bone is not part of the braincase that protects the brain?
mandible
Which hormone increases the rate of mitosis in growing bones?
growth hormone
Which joint is not a freely movable joint?(Diarthrosis
symphsis
In the long bones of a child, the part of the bone that is actually growing is the:
epiphyseal disc
The hormones that regulate blood calcium level by regulating calcium intake or output from bones are:
calcitonin and parathyroid
The structure not directly involved in the functioning of a synovial joint is the:
marrow canal
The largest and strongest vertebrae are the:
lumbar
Which of the following bones do not protect an internal organ?
phalanges
The pituitary gland is directly protected by the:
sphenoid bone
The intervertebral discs are made of:
cartilage
Which statement is true of the tissues of the skeletal system?
Blood cells are produced by red bone marrow found in spongy bone
Which statement is true of hormones and bone growth?
Calcitonin decreases the reabsorption of calcium from bones.
New bone matrix is produced by cells called __?
osteoblast
Vitamin D is necessary for the absorption of calcium by the ____?
small intestine
The rib cage protects the ___?
heart and lung
Synovial Fliud ___ friction within the joint cavity?
decrease
The hinge joint between the femur and ___ permits movement in one plane at a time?
tibia
The only movable joint is the condyloid joint between the temporal bone and the ____?
mandible
The hip bone articulates with the __?
sacrum
The only weight-bearing bone in the lower leg is the ___?
tibia
During inhalation the ribs are___ & ___ to expand the lungs?
in and out
There are _ carpals in each wrist & __ phalanges in each hand?
8 &16
Which of the following statements are true of the axial skeleton?
The paranasal sinuses make the skill lighter in weight.
- The vertebral canal contains the meninges and spinal cord.
- The rib cage protects the liver as well as the lungs from mechanical injury.
Which of the following are true of the appendicular skeleton?
- the scapula and clavicle attach the arm to the axial skeleton.
- The tibia and fibula are to the what the radius and ulna are to the arm.
-Both the humerus and femur have projections for muscuos
Which of the following statements are true of joints?
- Gliding joints between carpals permit movement at the wrist.
- The most movable type of joint is the ball-and-socket joint.
-Both the elbow and the knee are hinge joints.
The contracting proteins within a muscle fiber are:
myocin and actin
When a muscle contracts, it:
shortens and pull bones
Muscles are attached to bones by:
tendons
Some oxygen may be stored within muscle fibers bonded to the protein?
myoglobin
An antagonist to a muscle that flexes the arm would be a muscle that:
extends the arm
The axon terminal of a motor neuron releases?
acetylcholine
Acetylcholine makes the sacolemma more permiable to:
sodium ion
The most abundant source of energy in a muscle fiber is:
glycogen
The part of the brain that coordinates voluntary movement is the:
cerebellum
The neuromuscular junction refers to the:
axon terminal, synapse, and sarcolemma
Unconscious muscle sense is integrated by the:
cerebellum, and we are unaware of it
The more movable attachment of a muscle of a muscle to a bone is called the:
inserton
Good muscle tone is important to :
maintain posture and maintain body heat
Muscle fatigue is the result of the lack of ___ and the production of __?
oxygen/lactic acid
The specific part of the brain that initiates muscle contraction is the:
frontal lobe
During exercise, the blood flow within a muscle is increased by:
vasodilation
The ligaments that connect bones are anchored the:
periosteum
Epiphyseal Disc
- Growth plate
fascia
band or sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and seperates muscle
Suture
immovable fibrous joints that connect the bones of the adult skull
Pivot
Atlas & axis (neck)
Ball & Socket exa.
Hip and shoulder
Hinge Joint, example
elbow & knee
Hemopoesis
RBC formation
Synovial Joints:
Found where bones articulate with each other
Why is stress needed?
to maintain calcium and phosphorus in the bones
Location of Red Bone Marrow:
Spongy bone
Osteoclasts:
bone reabsorption
Osteocytes:
produce matrix (shaft)
Osteoblasts:
produce bone cells
Functions of the skeleton
- framework
- protection of internal organs
- mineral storage(Ca, phosphorus)
- movement
Raises blood calcium level
PTH
Lowers blood calcium level
calcitonin
Parathyroid Hormone
- parathyroid gland
- keeps calcium in the blood
- Increases the reabsorption of calcium by the small intestines and kidneys
Growth Hormone
- Anterior Pituitary
- Increases protein synthesis and the rate of mitosis of chodrocytes in cartilage
Thyroxine -T4
Thyroid Gland
- regulate metabolism
- Increases protein synthesis and energy production from all food types
Calcitonin
- Thyroid Gland
- keeps calcium in the bone
- Decreases the reabsorption of calcium from bones
Protein
Becomes part of the collagen in bone matrix
Ligaments
bone to bone
tendons
muscle to bone
The membrane that covers the rest of the bone is called the ___, and is made of ___?
periosteum / fibrous connective tissue
The periosteum contains__ that enter the bone itself.
blood vessels
The tissue that covers the joint surfaces of the bones is called:
articular cartilage
Some oxygen is stored in muscles by the protein __?
myoglobin
Osteocytes:
- Regulate the amount of calcium in the bone matrix
- bone cells
The product of cell respiration that is considered a waste product is:
Carbon dioxide
Synergistic muscles are those that have the same:
function
Muscles are attached to bones by tendons, which are made of ___?
fibrous connective tissue
The direct energy source for contraction is___?
ATP
Some oxygen is stored in muscles by the protein __?
myoglobin
Spongy Bone:
Contains osteocytes and bone matrix, but these are not arranged in haversian systems
-often contains red bone marrow
Flat Bones:
- Pelvic bone, cranial bone, ribs
- Made of spongy bone covered with a thin layer of compact bone
-The spongy bone contains yellow bone marrow
Irregular Bones:
- Vertebrae, Facial bones
- Made of spongy bone covered with a thin layer of compact bone
- The spongy bone contains red bone marrow
Long Bones:
- Bones of the arms, legs, hands, and feet.
- Each consists of a diaphysis made of compact bone and epiphysis made of spongy bone
- The marrow canal contains yellow bone marrow
Short Bone:
-
Wrist and ankle bones
- Made of spongy bone covered with a thin layer of compact bone
- The spongy bone contains yellow bone marrow
What is lordosis ?
Curvature of the lumbar
What is kyphosis ?
Curvature of the Thoriac
What is scoliosis ?
Curvature of the Thoriac
Bilateral or unilateral
What is acetabulum ?
The socket in the hip
