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MiroB term 3 > Term 3 > Flashcards

Term 3 Flashcards

1
Q

always take sample from ?

A

infected material

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2
Q

Lowenstein Jensen culture is for?

A

Mycobacterium TB

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3
Q

Macconkey agar is for

A

gram negative bacteria. it inhibits growth of +ve.

can see pink VS white parts for (lactose fermenting VS non lactose fermenting)

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4
Q

name an example of target site modification.

what is it targeted by ?

A
  1. DNA gyrase

2. fluroquinolones (ciprofloxacin)

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5
Q

what is metronidazole used to inhibit ?

effective against ?

A
  1. inhibits DNA synthesis

2. effective against anaerobes like Prevotella

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6
Q

what are 3 preferred therapies?

A
  1. penicillin + metronidazole
  2. amoxicillin + clavulanic acid
  3. clindamycin (beta lactam allergy)
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7
Q

Multidrug resistance:
1. MRSA is ?

  1. VRE is ?
  2. Cephalosporin resistant gram negatives?
  3. CRE is?
A
  1. MRSA: staph aures that is resistant to cloxacillin (pen resistant pen)
  2. VRE: enterococci resistant to vancomycin in gut
  3. Ceph resistant gram negatives: Ecoli, Kleb and ESBL
  4. CRE: carbapenem resistant enterobac
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8
Q

difference between Enterobacterales and pseudomonads?
Oxidase ?
Where it is found?

A
  1. Enterobac= oxidase negative,
    Pseudomonads= oxidase positive
  2. Enterobac= found in Gi tract, plants and soil, transient in oral and oropharyngeal flora
    Pseudomonads= found in wet env (dental unit water lines)
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9
Q

name the enterobacterales

A

PEEKS

  1. proteus
  2. Enterobac
  3. E.coli
  4. Klebsiella
  5. Salmonella
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10
Q

which one is found in stools, causes UTI and takes 20 misn to double?

A

E. coli

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11
Q

which is hospital associated, has highest multidrug resistance?

A
  1. Klebsiella

and Enterobacter which is similar

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12
Q

which causes liver abcesses in SEA ?

A

Klebsiella

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13
Q

which has swarming motility and has waves in agar plate?

A

Proteus

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14
Q

Where is salmonella usually found ?

A
  1. Developing countries

2. in contaminated food and drinks

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15
Q

What are the 2 symptoms of P. Aeruginosa?

A
  1. Malignant otitis externa (diabetic patiens)

2. P. Aeruginosa sinusitis

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16
Q

Which Pseudomonad is commonly found in dental unit water lines and causes hard to eradicate biofilms?

A

P. Aeruginosa

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17
Q

Which antibiotic is Pseudomonads resistant to / susceptible to ?

A

resistant to ampicillin

susceptible to ceftazdime + cefepime

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18
Q

what is 1 symptom of Burkholderia Pseudomallei?

A
  1. melloidosis
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19
Q

Difference between legionella and neiserria

A

legionella is rods, neiserria is diplococci

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20
Q

where is legionella commonly found?

A
  1. domestic water systems, shower heads, NOT in domestic aircom
  2. dental unit lines, water cooling towers, water sprinkles and industrial aircon
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21
Q

What are 2 diseases caused by legionella?

A
  1. legionnaire’s disease

2. pontiac fever

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22
Q

what causes lung infection ESPECIALLY in elderly?

A

L. pneumophilia

Legionella

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23
Q

How is legionella diagnosed?

A
  1. antigen detection in urine
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24
Q

which are 2 pathogenic neiserria

since most are non patho + commensals of oropharyngeal mucous membranes

A
  1. N. meningitidis

2. N. gonorrhoea

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25
Q

what are the symptoms of N. meningitis?

is it fatal?

A
  1. bloodstream infections
  2. meningitis
  3. septicaemia
    - > highly fatal
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26
Q

what are the symptoms of N. gonorrhoeae? (men VS women)

A

early infection is asymptomatic, sore throat, exudate and cervical lymphadenitis

men: painful lesions on penis, multiple oral swellings
women: infertility and genital infection

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27
Q

how to diagnose N. gonorrhoeae?

A

throat swab

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28
Q

what is a similarity between chlamydia and mycoplasma ?

A

both do not have cell wall = cannot take up gram stain

penicillin resistance

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29
Q

how does chlamydia reproduce?

A
  1. lacks ATP production

2. forms small intracellular inclusions in host cell

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30
Q

name the symptoms of chlamydia trachoma

at least 4 symptoms

A
  1. urethral discharge (microscope shows no organisms around mononuclear cells)
  2. chronic pelvic pain
  3. infertility (more common than Neiserria Gonorrhea)
  4. scarring of conjunctiva = blindness
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31
Q

how do we diagnose chlamydia and mycoplasma ?

A

PCR

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32
Q

which group of people does mycoplasma affect ?

M. pneumonia

A

children and young adults have highest prevalence

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33
Q

whats the immunity like after infection by chlamydia and mycoplasma ?

A

Both do not give immunity after infection

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34
Q

Is M. pneumonia deadly ?

what are some of its symptoms?

A
  1. not fatal
  2. tracheobroncholitis
  3. atypical pneumonia **
35
Q

between N. meningitidis and N. gonorrhoeae, which has early infection that is asymptomatic ?

A

N. gonorrhoeae

36
Q

How do we test for Spirochetes if we cannot see it on light microscope?

A

dark background illumination, silver stain

37
Q

spiral bacteria can cause periodontitis. How?

A

they are late colonisers on the dental plaque

other late colonisers are spirochetes, gram -ve obligate anaerobic rods

38
Q

what does
+ve TPHA/ EIA and +ve VDLR mean ?

+ve TPHA and -ve RPR mean ?

A
  1. having syphillis currently

2. RPR -ve means had syphillis before but is now treated

39
Q

what is the treatment for spiral bacteria ?

A

penicillin G

40
Q

name the characteristics of stage 1 syphillis

A

chancre (painless)

and sites are genital, anal and oropharyngeal

41
Q

which stage is the highly contagious syphillis stage?

A

secondary syphillis

42
Q

what are the 4 characteristics of secondary syphillis ?

A
  1. haematogenous and lymphatic spread
  2. mucocutaneous and systemic lesions
  3. oral lesions like snail track ulcers and mucous patches that coalesce **
  4. rashes **
43
Q

what test should u conduct when u suspect it is seondary syphillis ?

A

EIA test for Trep pallidum AB

44
Q

what happens at the tertiary stage of syphillis?

4 main things

A
  1. gumma
  2. oral leukoplakia (white patches on tongue)
  3. neurpsyphillis (chronic meningoencephalitis)
  4. Acute Necrotising Ulcer Gingivitis (ANUG)- vincent angina
45
Q

When does Acute Necrotising Ulcer Gingivitis occur? which bacteria is it caused by ?

A

syphillis at tertiary stage

46
Q

which stage does gumma appear?

A

tertiary stage of syphillis

47
Q

dental anomalies of syphillis are?

A
  1. Hutchinsons’ incisors
  2. Moon’s molar
  3. Mulberry molar
48
Q

When will you see snail tract ulcers and mucous patches that coalesce?

A

secondary stage of syphillis infection

49
Q

which bacteria causes peptic ulcer?

A

H. Pylori

50
Q

what is the shape of staphylococci and result of catalase test?

A
  1. cluster of grapes

2. catalase positive except for S epidermis

51
Q

what is the shape of streptococci and the result of its catalase test ?

A
  1. in pairs/ in long chain (except strep pneumoniae)

2. catalase negative

52
Q

Which bacteria causes infective endocarditis?

A
  1. Viridans Strep (especially S mutans)
53
Q

which bacteria is pus forming ?

A

Strep anginosus

54
Q

which bacteria is colonic cancer causing?

A

strep bovis

55
Q

for endocarditis prophylaxis we can give which drug?

A

amoxicillin

56
Q

Which staph strain cannot be treated by cloxacillin ?

A

MRSA

57
Q

what mechanism makes staph cause systemic toxic shock syndrome?

A

B subunit of superantigen that binds to antigen receptor, and causing hyperactive immunity

58
Q

name the syndroms that staph can cause (a to f)

A

a) acute parotitis
b) angular chelitis in denture wearers
c) severe sloughing and peeling of skin
d) cellulitis
e) impetigo (honey crusted)
f) intertrigo (folds)

59
Q

which 2 bacteria causes soft tissue infections?

A
  1. staph aures

2. group A strep

60
Q

which bacteria is an early coloniser, pionner organism after tooth erupts?

A

streptococci

61
Q

which bacteria has the least potential to produce beta lactamase?

A

S pyogenes (group A strep)

62
Q

which bacteria breaks down RBC completely and is beta hemolytic ?

A

S pyogenes (group A strep)

63
Q

which bacteria partially breaks down RBC and is alpha hemolytic?

A

Viridans strep

64
Q

which bacteria is the classical cause of community acquired pneumonia ? (CAP)

A

S. pneumoniae

65
Q

which bacteria has no vaccine and is NOT vancomycin resistant?

A

S. pyogenes

66
Q

which bacteria is most abundant on enamel?

A

S. mutans (produces lactic acid and prevent caries)

67
Q

what does S.pyogenes result in ? (5 things)

A
  1. acute tonsilitis
  2. rheumatic fever
  3. autoantibodies act against cardiac tissues (rheumatic heart disease)
  4. necrotising fascilitis
  5. lymphangitis
68
Q

what is the 1st and 2nd window for S. mutans on enamel?

A

1st window: 6-36 months
2nd window: 6-11years

this is where there is high prevelance of S.mutans on enamel and saliva

69
Q

which bacteria are involved in osteomyelitis?

A
  1. staph aureus

2. strep A

70
Q

where is common location affected for Haematogenous osteomyelitis (HO) in children and in adults?

A

HO in children: long bones

HO in adults: vertebral bodies like lumbar, thoracic and cervical

71
Q

which bacteria causes septic arthritis?

A

staph aureus

72
Q

Where can cryptococcus neoformans result from?

A

natural soil with bird droppings

73
Q

what can cryptococcus neoforms result in ?

A

meningitis

in weaker patients (HIV/ immunocompromsied)

74
Q

where can candida albicans be found?

A

commensal and GIT and vagina

75
Q

what do most candida albicans produce ?

A

most produce germ tubes (positive in germ tube test)

76
Q

where can aspergillosis be found ?

A

in air around us everywhere

77
Q

which fungi causes: 1. angular chelitis in dentures, 2.denture stomatitis, 3. white vaginal discharge with itch ?

A

candida albicans

78
Q

which fungi causes fatal neumonia in patients with severe neutropenia (low neutrophil count)

A

aspergillosis

79
Q

Name 3 symptoms that candida albicans can result in:

A
  1. chronic hyperplastic candida can have malignant change = cancer
  2. orophrayngeal candidiasis (oral thrush, associated with HIV)
  3. denture stomatitis
80
Q

which drug should we use to counter candida albicans?

A

Nystatin

81
Q

which fungi in peanuts can give aflatoxin ? and cause cancer?

A

Aspergillosis

82
Q

which fungi is called a lid lifter bc it grows fast?

A

Zygomycosis

83
Q

name 2 results of zygomycosis infection

A
  1. rhinocerebral mucormycosis (in diabetics)

2. lesion of maxillary sinus
invasion of palate

84
Q

where are dimorphic fungi (endemic mycoses) usually found?

A

SEA

MiroB term 3 (1 decks)

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