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Kirsty History > Term 2 Exam > Flashcards

Term 2 Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Before industrial revolution what was England like?

A

Fuedal system- where lord owned the land and ordinary people farmed the land. They lived off the land.
Made things at home/cottage industries.
By hand-no machines

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2
Q

Important changes that took place during industrial revolution

A

New technology
Steam engine main source of power-replaced human and horse power
Iron and steel-replaced wood as building materials
Steam boats replaced sailing ships, faster and could transport materials better
Railway replaced horse and carriage
Power loom meant mass produced clothing
Machinery became common place

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3
Q

Where were factories built and why?

A

Near rivers for the spinning frame - because they needed water to power some of the machines.
Near coal mines- increased demand for coal to heat the water to run steam engine

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4
Q

What were ways of transporting materials during the industrial revolution?

A

Railways were built for trains

Canals were built for steamboats

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5
Q

Social Economic consequences of industrial revolution

A

Urbanisation
Child labour- everyone needed to work
Bad working conditions
Bad housing, close together, increased fire and disease risk
Capitalists - rich factory and land owners benefited and used the poor

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6
Q

Why was there child labour?

A

Children were considered property of the parents
Everyone had to work and help on the land so when they moved to city also expected to work
People could not survive without everyone in family contributing financially
Schooling for kids was not popular

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7
Q

What was child labour like?

A

Kids worked from age of 5 or 6
Fed with sawdust in porridge
Dusty and dirty conditions- bad for lungs
Dangerous working conditions. Children were small so worked in machines
Paid little
Long hours
Education neglected

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8
Q

Reasons behind urbanisation during the industrial revolution

A

Machines and factories, needed people to work, so people moved to cities
Machines took place of workers on farms, so people needed to find other income
Housing close to factories, overcrowding, no sanitation, rats

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9
Q

Consequesnces of industrial revolution

A

Great britain exported machinery across the world
Improved communication between Britian and other parts of world
Population growth and urbanisation,
Workshop of the world
Trade unions were formed to fight for workers rights

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10
Q

Resistance to how workers were treated; give 2 examples

A

Resistance about farm machines
Swing riots

Resistance in factories - Luddites

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11
Q

Because of the discovery of gold and diamonds South Africa became an “…………country

A

Industrialised

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12
Q

Before mineral revolution what was South Africa like?

What changes were brought about by the mineral revolution?

A

Change from subsistence farming to urban living - urbanisation
South Africa was not a unified country- some independent, some under British and some under Boer control, the mineral revolution changed all this
New classes of people emerged-rich mine owners and poor mine workers

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13
Q

What is migrant labour?

A

It is when a person moves away from their home and family to earn money somewhere else

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14
Q

How did migrant labour become common?

A

Mine owners needed cheap labour
White farmers wanted black labourers to work for them
Black labourers did not want to sell their work, wanted subsistence
Hut tax imposed to force black labour

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15
Q

What was the main diamond mining town and how did it develop?

A

Kimberly
Diamond found along the vaal river, people rushed there to make a claim
First individuals made claim
Holes became deeper
Eventually sold to De Beers (mining company)

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16
Q

Treatment of black workers on mines

A

Lived in compounds,
Signed contracts for a few months at a time
Not allowed out of compounds until after contract up
Shut up in solitary confinement for week and given laxatives and put in big gloves to prevent swallowing of diamonds
Carried pass with them
Searched

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17
Q

Why were workers housed in compounds?

A

Easier to control,
Don’t have to search
Cost less for mine owners

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18
Q

Who started the gold mining companies and why?

A

The richest diamond mining companies then joined the gold mining
They brought with them:
. Capital
. Experience
. Knowldge of how to control their workers
The mine owners wanted more money

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19
Q

What was the Native Land Act of 1913 and what were the results?

A

Divide country between white and black and most went to white, black were not allowed to rent land anymore, had to work as labourers

Result…. Rapid urbanisation
Indentured labour
Trade unions

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20
Q

Indentured labour

A

When a person from another country agrees to work in another country for a set period of time for the cost of their trip

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21
Q

Where did first indentured labourers work?

A

In Kwa Zulu Natal on the sugar plantations
People came from India
Contract for 5 years

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22
Q

What is colonisation?

A

A system of political control where one country takes over land belonging to other people and imposes their own system of rules

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23
Q

Reasons for the European colonisation of Africa

A 
Industrialisation
Quinine
Discovery of machine guns
Nationalism 
Belief in African mineral wealth
Belief in racial superiority
Bringing Christianity
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24
Q

Who divided up Africa?

A

Otto von Bismarck

Conference in Germany, Berlin

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25
Q

Which European powers were present at the Berlin conference?

A 
Germany
Britain
Spain 
Portugal
France
Belgium
Italy
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26
Q

Why were Europeans able to colonise Africa so quickly?

A 
Quinine
Rival tribes
Natural disasters 
New diseases brought to Africa by Europeans
Maxim gun
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27
Q

4 types of colonial rule

A

Company rule
Direct rule
Indirect rule
Settler rule

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28
Q

In Africa, which country was not colonised?

A

Liberia

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29
Q

Why was the scramble for africa considered the biggest robbery of all time?

A

The land was stolen by foreign nations
Very rich in natural resources- gold, diamonds, rubber and oil.
That was mined, taken away to Europe and sold back to the nations that it was taken from

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30
Q

What is a revolution?

A 
Series of events that leads to a change in government or leadership 
. It doesn't have set time period
. Doesnt have to be violent 
.Can bring positive or negative changes
Can be:
POLITICAL
ECONOMIC
SOCIAL
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31
Q

From what had Britain gotten rich before the industrial revolution?

A

The Slave trade

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32
Q

How had the Slave trade made Britain rich?

A

1.Slaves were captured and traded in west Africa
2 They were taken across the Atlantic to America to work on cotton, sugar, tobacco and rice plantations
3 the produce from these plantations was then shipped back to Britain, and the raw materials were made into goods and sold in west Africa and other parts of the world.

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33
Q

Name an important city in England that was involved in the slave trade and why it was important.

A

Bristol,

It was a sea port and therefore was a good centre for sending and receiving slaves

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34
Q

How many ships traveled from Bristol each year to capture slaves?

A

2000

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35
Q

How many slaves could each ship hold?

A

250

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36
Q

What was the enclosure system?

A

It was part of the agricultural revolution where open land was closed off and became private farming land rather than belonging to only one Lord,

37
Q

What was the effect of the enclosure system?

A

It benefitted wealthy land owners who wanted to farm sheep and it took away common land which meant that it was not good for farmers who didn’t own land and they were left poor and homeless. They moved to larger cities to find work causing rapid urbanisation .

38
Q

In the cotton industry who were the workers mostly and what did they do?

A

Wives of farm labourers who needed to make money to supplements their husband’s income.

39
Q

Different parts of the wool industry process

A
  1. A merchant would buy the wool from the farmer
  2. Women would prepare the wool using brushes
  3. Spinsters would spin the wool into thread
  4. Men called weavers would use hand looks to weave the wool into cloth
  5. A man called a fuller would trample the cloth in clay called fullers clay to shrink and soften the cloth
  6. A merchant would pay the different people and then sell the cloth for a profit.
40
Q

When was the industrial revolution ( dates)

A

1750-1850

41
Q

Definition of the industrial revolution

A

The time period between 1759-1850. Changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and the harnessing of steam energy affected the social, and economical conditions of the time and the future.it started in Britain and spread to the rest of the world.

42
Q

Areas of change during the industrial revolution

A

Machines were invented which were a lot faster at producing things than by hand
Factories were built to accommodate the new machines
Power and energy- the first machines were made out of wood and powered by water. The steam engine invented by James watt and it needed coal to heat the water . Machines were now created out of iron instead of wood
Mining - mining of iron and coal increased because the demand for the. increased. Factories were built near mines
Transportation - steam engine replaced horse power. Braves and steam boats transported raw goods, steam engine created for train transportation . Tarmac roads were created

43
Q

Where did money come from to finance the industrial revolution in Britain?

A

The slave trade.

44
Q

Social changes during the industrial revolution

A

Urbanisation
Changing living conditions - overcrowding in cities ,
Child labour- badly mistreated
Diseases spread- rats, overcrowding, no sanitation
Cottage industry disappeared because of factories and machines

45
Q

Why were children employed in the mines?

A

They were small and could fit into small spaces
Parents needed children to work to survive
Children as young as 5 worked in mines and factories.
Many were mistreated, not paid , not fed, long hours

46
Q

Swing riots

A

Agricultural
People resisting the changes that came with the threshing machines and many threshing machines were destroyed
Captain Swing

47
Q

Luddites

A

Industrial riots
Rioting against the factories and machines
Need ludd leader
Breaking of machines

48
Q

What was eventually created because of people being unhappy with their working Conditions?

A

Trade unions

49
Q

What was Southern Africa like before the mineral revolution

A

Not one unified country,
There were local tribes who were independent and there were the settlers British ( Cape and Natal) and the boers ( transvaal and orange free state ) who all occupied parts of South Africa .

50
Q

An example of indentured labour in South Africa

A

The british colony of Natal - climate moist and warm, good for growing sugar - needed labourers and brought them over from India

51
Q

Reasons why labour was imported

A

Zulu kingdom was still independent and lived off their own land, and so not enough labourers to work the plantations

52
Q

What were the reasons for the increased demand of sugar

A

Sugar originally came from India, sugar was introduced to British during the slave trade . Until then, only honey had been used to sweeten things.
The British got a taste for sugar and the demand increased, and so it was grown in their colonies and sent back to Britain

53
Q

Conditions under which indentured labourers lived and worked

A

Houses - had to be provided by employers - thatch, corrugated iron, brick
Food- employers had to provide food rations. Indians liked eating rice, but that was not to be found in natal, they were given corn flour…but went on strike because they wanted rice. So rice had to be imported and labourers were given a garden plot to grow veg and spices they were used to eating at home

54
Q

Besides indentured labourers who else came from India?

A

Passenger Indians came to Natal to trade and open shops . Some became wealthy merchants and business people

55
Q

Why diamonds were valuable

A
  1. Diamonds are the hardest and purest mineral on earth. Only a diamond can cut another diamond
  2. Diamonds are very rare
  3. Diamonds when cut and polished are beautiful and used for jewellery
56
Q

What brought about the industrial revolution in Southern Africa?

A

The discovery of diamonds in Kimberly and gold in Witwatersrand

57
Q

Where were the first diamonds found?

A

In hopetown along the banks of the Orange / Vaal and Gariep rivers

58
Q

In whose territory were diamond found?

A

Tswana speaking groups who lived next to the Vaal river
The Boer Republic
The cape colony belonging to the British

59
Q

What happened because of the dispute about land ownership where diamonds had been found?

A

Keate who was a judge ruled in favour of the Griqua people and ruled That they really owned the land where the diamonds were found .
The Griqua needed British protection against the boers, and so it became part of the British colony of griqualand.
Keate was awarded the Keate award for deciding who really owned the land where the diamonds were found.

60
Q

Where were diamonds first found ?

A

In alluvial deposits near the river,and in four volcano pipes. The biggest of these dry diggings became known as the ‘big hole ‘or ‘Kimberly mine’

61
Q

Explains what happened with the diamond claims

A

One person per claim to start off with,
After that no blacks allowed to own claim
Claims became deeper walls began to crumble.
Eventually too deep and dangerous to mine and sold to mining company

62
Q

Who was Cecil John Rhodes?

A

A British business man, he started the de Beers mine. Had made a lot of money from his pumping company that pumped water out of the mines. Rhodes bought up other clAims for his company. He o when three of the four big mines. De beers, du toits pan, bulfontein,

63
Q

Which mine did Rhodes not own?

A

Kimberly mine

64
Q

Who owned the Kimberly mine?

A

Barney barnato

65
Q

Why were barney barnato And Rhodes the only two competing in the mining industry?

A

Because there was the great depression and many smaller companies went bankrupt

66
Q

How did Rhodes regulate the diamond price?

A

He made sure there were never too many diamonds on the market and kept the right balance between supply and demand.
His challenge was the illegal diamond smuggling and illicit diamond selling which could make the diamond price drop.

67
Q

Why was the closed compound system created for black workers?

A

It was cheaper for the mine owners of the mine workers lived on the compounds
It helped the mine owners control their workers
It increased productivity to have mine workers on the mine
It reduced smuggling of diamonds

68
Q

What does IDB stand for?

A

Illicit diamond buying

69
Q

How was IDB controlled.?

A

Workers had contracts, could not ,eave compound during that time
At end of contract were put in solitary confinement and given laxitives, hands in boxing gloves so that they couldn’t remove diamonds from their poo and re swallow

70
Q

Why is gold valuable?

A 
It shines when polished
Does not rust
Is hard to find
Has lots of uses
Is indestructible
Conducts electricity
Mixes easily with other minerals
71
Q

What was the gold standard?

A

European countries had gold backing their currency. If they wanted to print more money they had to buy more gold

72
Q

Where was gold found and what rule was put in place?

A

Witwatersrand - Johannesburg now
Boer land
Only whites could own claims, blacks would work for the whites

73
Q

What was needed to mine gold at a profit?

A

Lots of money upfront from investors to buy expensive machinery
Diamond miners used their skill learned and applied to gold mining
Expensive machinery was bought for sinking shafts
Ventilation machines to be able to breather deep down in mines
Pumps needed to remove water from mines

74
Q

Rock from which gold is extracted is called

A

Ore

75
Q

What is low grade ore?

A

A large amount of ore would need to be mined to be able to get a significant amount of gold .

76
Q

Know the diagram of the mine and numbers

A 
Main shaft
Cage
Tunnel
Smaller tunnel
Miners drilling
Layers of gold blasted with dynamite
Ore falls down and passed into trucks
Trucks take ore to skip
Skips take ore to top
Ore taken by conveyer belt to process plant
Ore crushed, melted and smelted
After gold is removed, rest of rock is dumped
77
Q

What kind of people went into mining industry?

A

Needed cheap labour- immigrants
Skilled labour came from Australia, America, Eastern Europe and Britain
Tin mines in Cornwell Britain were closing down and so many skilled workers from there came to gold mines

78
Q

the ore found was so low grade that in other countries it would not have been mined at all…why was in mined in South Africa?

A

The only way to make a profit from low grade ore was to get a lot of cheap labour, the mining companies in South Africa found and used and abused very cheap labourers,and didn’t pay them much,

79
Q

Why was gold mining so expensive?

A 
Expensive machinery needed in mines
Ventilation equipment needed
Shaft equipment needed 
Water pumping machines needed 
low grade ore needed cheap labour to be worth it
80
Q

What are conditions like in mines?

A 
3 km underground 
60 degrees Celsius 
Lots of dangers from rock falls 
DNgers from explosives
Dangers from fine dust TB and unnatural climate underground
81
Q

How did the miners cope with horrible conditions?

A

They sang together to lift their spirits - eg shosholoza

82
Q

Who were migrant workers?

A

Workers who left home and travelled long distances to work in mines to make money to send home to their families

83
Q

Why were migrant workers sometimes called men of two worlds?

A

They had two very different lives, a life in the city in the mines away from home, and a life in the rural village with their families

84
Q

How did mine owners control the migrant workers and get enough cheap labour?

A

1.tax
Hut tax was imposed on the black labourers- had to work 3 months to pay it
Poll tax- had to work 6 months to pay that off
2.recruitment - recruitment agents were sent to villages to find workers and give them safe passage to the mines protection from robbers
3. Contracts- from 6 months to 18 month contracts . Workers had to stay on mines for that long or risk being sent to jail
4.pass laws- another form of control. Issued to black men who came to town looking for a job- only valid for 3 days and then had to leave .

85
Q

Why did mine workers consider it a privilege to work on the mines?

A

Could pay their hut tax

Brought things from city to rural village like watches, blankets , cigarettes, clothes, alcohol

86
Q

How did the mines lead to the erosion of the black family?

A

Men were away in mines to work and women had to take over the jobs they were doing
Less and less land available as whites took over
They relied on money instead of land to survive
As mines got richer, black families fell apart

87
Q

What is a segregation system?

A

Separating white from black

88
Q

What is racism?

A

The false belief that one race is better than another.

The mineral revolution laid the foundation for racial segregation in South Africa

Kirsty History (2 decks)

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