Term 2 - Energy systems and movement Flashcards
What is a Muscle Fibre?
A muscle cell
What is a motor unit made of?
A motor neuron and the muscle fibres activated by that neuron.
What are the different types of motor units?
Small motor unit: For precise and controlled movements (writing, sewing, ect)
Large motor unit: For large scale movements (Kincking, running, ect)
What are the types of muscle fibres?
Type 1, Type 2A and Type 2B
What are the features of Type 1 Fibres?
- Red in colour
- Fatigue resistant
- Found in endurance muscles
- Aerobic respiration
- small
What are the features of Type 2A muscles
- A hybrid of type 1 and type 2 muscles
- Pink in colour
- A mix of aerobic and anaerobic
- Fast and strong muscle contractions
- Prone to fatigue
- Medium size
What are the features of type 2B muscles
- White in colour
- Anaerobic respiration
- Fatigues rapidly
- Short bursts of power
- Can turn in to type 2A with training
- Large
What are the three energy systems?
- ATP-PC (Anaerobic)
- Anaerobic glycolysis (Anaerobic)
- Aerobic (Oxygen)
How does the ATP-PC system create energy?
Breaks up the adenosine triphosphate, creating energy. The phosphocreatine then breaks up, the phosphate bonding to create ATP with a byproduct of creatine.
What is the yield of the ATP system?
Low, limited stores of PC
What is the fuel for the ATP-PC system?
Phosphocreatine
How does the Anaerobic Glycolysis system work?
THrough the incomplete breakdown of glucose creating energy with a byproduct of pyurvic acid (which converts in lactate + (H+) ions)
What does (H+) production do?
Muscle PH drops, becoming more acidic. The more acid in our muscles, the more fatigued it gets. The more the anaerobic glycolysis system is used, the more (H+) ions that accumulate.
How long does the ATP-PC system last?
Around 10 seconds
What is the yield of the anaerobic glycolysis system?
Low (2-3)
What is the fuel of the anaerobic glycolysis system?
Glucose
How does the aerobic system system create energy?
This system breaks down glucose (or lipids) to produce energy and requires aerobic respiration (oxygen).
What is the focus of the aerobic system?
Endurance, because ATP production is slower
How long can the anaerobic system last?
90 seconds
What is the yield of the aerobic system?
High yield
What is VO2 Maximum
The maximum amount of oxygen a person can use during intense exercise.
What is VO2 max measured in?
mL\Kg\Min
What can the VO2 max show us?
It can serve as an indicator of cardiovascular fitness and aerobic endurance.
How do you calculate absolute VO2
mLO2 x min
How do you calculate relative VO2?
(mLO2 x min) / body weight
What is the stroke volume?
Amount of blood pumped per beat
How do you calculate VO2 maximum?
Cardiac output x arteriovenous oxygen difference (AVO2 difference)
What are the three types of joints?
- Fibruous
- Cartilagenous
- Synovial
What are features of fibruous joints?
- Immovable
- Connects two bones
- protects internal organs
- Weight bearing
- Tissue directly connects to the bone
- Skull, teeth, syndemosis of bones
What are the features of cartilagenous joints?
- Slight moveable but not a lot at all
- Tough but flexible tissue
- Bones joined by cartilage
- pelvis, growth plates, skull base, right and left pubic bones
What are the features of synovial joints?
- The most common joint in the body
- Freely moveable
- Has a joint cavity
- elbows, knees, ankles
What are the three classes of levers?
Frist class, second class, and third class
What is the acronym to remember the levers?
FLE (which is in the middle: fulcrum, load, effort)
What is the most common type of lever?
3rd class
What are the three muscle fibre arrangements?
Fusiform, pennate, and radiate
What are the features of fusiform muscle fibre arrangements?
They run parallel to each other and are low force muscles (belly)
What are the features of pennate muscle arrangements?
Arranged in an angle to the tendon, less flexible and more stable. (quadriceps)
What are the features of a radiate muscle fibre arrangement?
Wide spread of coverage with on attachment and capable of producing strength and power (pectoralis major)
What are the 6 types of synovial joints?
- Saddle
- Ball and socket
- Condyloid
- Hinge
- Gliding
- Pivot
What is the movement and features of the pivot joint?
Rotary, turns and spins through a ring-like shape formed by another bone
What are the features and movements of a gliding joint?
2 bones slide over each other where the bones are slightly curved.
What are the features and movements of the ball and socket joint?
A rounded bone fits into the concave socket of another bone, lot’s of movement in every direction.
What are the features and movement of hinge joints?
A concave and convex fitting with a ligament connection. Allows flexion and extension.
What are the features and movement of a saddle joint
Fits like a ride and saddle. Side-to-side and back and forth movement.
What are the features and movements of a condyloid joint
Like a modified ball and socket, egg shape bone, no full rotation.
What are the types of joint movements?
- Flexion (reduce angle)
- Extension (increase angle)
- Pronation (palm down)
- Supination (palm up)
- Dorsiflexion (toes up)
- Plantarflexion (toes down)
- Abduction (away from midline)
- Adduction (towards midline)
- Inversion (bottom of foot faces in)
- Eversion (bottom of foot faces out)
- Circumduction (rotating around a point)
- Rotation (rotating at a point)
