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Applied physiology > Term 2 - Energy systems and movement > Flashcards

Term 2 - Energy systems and movement Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Muscle Fibre?

A

A muscle cell

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2
Q

What is a motor unit made of?

A

A motor neuron and the muscle fibres activated by that neuron.

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3
Q

What are the different types of motor units?

A

Small motor unit: For precise and controlled movements (writing, sewing, ect)

Large motor unit: For large scale movements (Kincking, running, ect)

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4
Q

What are the types of muscle fibres?

A

Type 1, Type 2A and Type 2B

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5
Q

What are the features of Type 1 Fibres?

A
  • Red in colour
  • Fatigue resistant
  • Found in endurance muscles
  • Aerobic respiration
  • small
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6
Q

What are the features of Type 2A muscles

A
  • A hybrid of type 1 and type 2 muscles
  • Pink in colour
  • A mix of aerobic and anaerobic
  • Fast and strong muscle contractions
  • Prone to fatigue
  • Medium size
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7
Q

What are the features of type 2B muscles

A
  • White in colour
  • Anaerobic respiration
  • Fatigues rapidly
  • Short bursts of power
  • Can turn in to type 2A with training
  • Large
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8
Q

What are the three energy systems?

A
  • ATP-PC (Anaerobic)
  • Anaerobic glycolysis (Anaerobic)
  • Aerobic (Oxygen)
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9
Q

How does the ATP-PC system create energy?

A

Breaks up the adenosine triphosphate, creating energy. The phosphocreatine then breaks up, the phosphate bonding to create ATP with a byproduct of creatine.

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10
Q

What is the yield of the ATP system?

A

Low, limited stores of PC

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11
Q

What is the fuel for the ATP-PC system?

A

Phosphocreatine

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12
Q

How does the Anaerobic Glycolysis system work?

A

THrough the incomplete breakdown of glucose creating energy with a byproduct of pyurvic acid (which converts in lactate + (H+) ions)

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13
Q

What does (H+) production do?

A

Muscle PH drops, becoming more acidic. The more acid in our muscles, the more fatigued it gets. The more the anaerobic glycolysis system is used, the more (H+) ions that accumulate.

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14
Q

How long does the ATP-PC system last?

A

Around 10 seconds

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15
Q

What is the yield of the anaerobic glycolysis system?

A

Low (2-3)

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16
Q

What is the fuel of the anaerobic glycolysis system?

A

Glucose

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17
Q

How does the aerobic system system create energy?

A

This system breaks down glucose (or lipids) to produce energy and requires aerobic respiration (oxygen).

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18
Q

What is the focus of the aerobic system?

A

Endurance, because ATP production is slower

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19
Q

How long can the anaerobic system last?

A

90 seconds

20
Q

What is the yield of the aerobic system?

A

High yield

21
Q

What is VO2 Maximum

A

The maximum amount of oxygen a person can use during intense exercise.

22
Q

What is VO2 max measured in?

A

mL\Kg\Min

23
Q

What can the VO2 max show us?

A

It can serve as an indicator of cardiovascular fitness and aerobic endurance.

24
Q

How do you calculate absolute VO2

A

mLO2 x min

25
Q

How do you calculate relative VO2?

A

(mLO2 x min) / body weight

26
Q

What is the stroke volume?

A

Amount of blood pumped per beat

27
Q

How do you calculate VO2 maximum?

A

Cardiac output x arteriovenous oxygen difference (AVO2 difference)

28
Q

What are the three types of joints?

A
  • Fibruous
  • Cartilagenous
  • Synovial
29
Q

What are features of fibruous joints?

A
  • Immovable
  • Connects two bones
  • protects internal organs
  • Weight bearing
  • Tissue directly connects to the bone
  • Skull, teeth, syndemosis of bones
30
Q

What are the features of cartilagenous joints?

A
  • Slight moveable but not a lot at all
  • Tough but flexible tissue
  • Bones joined by cartilage
  • pelvis, growth plates, skull base, right and left pubic bones
31
Q

What are the features of synovial joints?

A
  • The most common joint in the body
  • Freely moveable
  • Has a joint cavity
  • elbows, knees, ankles
32
Q

What are the three classes of levers?

A

Frist class, second class, and third class

33
Q

What is the acronym to remember the levers?

A

FLE (which is in the middle: fulcrum, load, effort)

34
Q

What is the most common type of lever?

A

3rd class

35
Q

What are the three muscle fibre arrangements?

A

Fusiform, pennate, and radiate

36
Q

What are the features of fusiform muscle fibre arrangements?

A

They run parallel to each other and are low force muscles (belly)

37
Q

What are the features of pennate muscle arrangements?

A

Arranged in an angle to the tendon, less flexible and more stable. (quadriceps)

38
Q

What are the features of a radiate muscle fibre arrangement?

A

Wide spread of coverage with on attachment and capable of producing strength and power (pectoralis major)

39
Q

What are the 6 types of synovial joints?

A
  • Saddle
  • Ball and socket
  • Condyloid
  • Hinge
  • Gliding
  • Pivot
40
Q

What is the movement and features of the pivot joint?

A

Rotary, turns and spins through a ring-like shape formed by another bone

41
Q

What are the features and movements of a gliding joint?

A

2 bones slide over each other where the bones are slightly curved.

42
Q

What are the features and movements of the ball and socket joint?

A

A rounded bone fits into the concave socket of another bone, lot’s of movement in every direction.

43
Q

What are the features and movement of hinge joints?

A

A concave and convex fitting with a ligament connection. Allows flexion and extension.

44
Q

What are the features and movement of a saddle joint

A

Fits like a ride and saddle. Side-to-side and back and forth movement.

45
Q

What are the features and movements of a condyloid joint

A

Like a modified ball and socket, egg shape bone, no full rotation.

46
Q

What are the types of joint movements?

A
  • Flexion (reduce angle)
  • Extension (increase angle)
  • Pronation (palm down)
  • Supination (palm up)
  • Dorsiflexion (toes up)
  • Plantarflexion (toes down)
  • Abduction (away from midline)
  • Adduction (towards midline)
  • Inversion (bottom of foot faces in)
  • Eversion (bottom of foot faces out)
  • Circumduction (rotating around a point)
  • Rotation (rotating at a point)

Applied physiology (2 decks)

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