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Biology > Term 2 Bio > Flashcards

Term 2 Bio Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 steps of DNA duplication?

A
  1. Opening of the Molecule 2. Primer Binding

3. Elongation 4. Termination (OM,PB,E,T)

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2
Q

What is Step 1 in DNA duplication? Explain

A

Opening of the molecule. Helicase breaks down hydrogen bonds between both strands and replication fork is formed. Topoisomerase avoids supercoiling of DNA molecule.

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3
Q

What is topoisomerase?

A

Enzyme that avoids supercoiling of the DNA molecule

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4
Q

What is Step 2 in DNA duplication? Explain

A

Primer Binding. A small sequence of RNA is synthesized at the beginning of the strand by primase.

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5
Q

What is Step 3 in DNA duplication? Explain

A

Elongation. DNA Polymerase synthesizes the new DNA strand using the other one as a template. DNA polymerase can only synthesize the new strands in the direction 5’-3’. The leading strand created in continous way while lagging strand is synthetized in a discontinuous way. DNA replication in this strand happens binding with several primers which are only several bases apart. DNA polymerase then adds pieces of DNA, called Okazaki fragments to the strand between primers. This process of replication is discontinuous as the newly created fragments are disjointed.

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6
Q

If DNA polymerase reads 3’-5’ what direcition does it synthesize?

A

5’-3’

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7
Q

What is Step 4 in DNA duplication? Explain

A

Termination. Primers from ‘elongation’ replaced with DNA. Another polymerase “proofreads” newly formed DNA to check, clone and correct any errors. Ligase joins okazaki fragments together forming single strand.

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8
Q

What is Ligase?

A

Enzyme that joins Okazaki fragments together.

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9
Q

What does the polymerase do in Termination?

A

Proofreads new DNA to check, clone and correct errors.

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10
Q

What is DNA Transcription and where does it occur?

A

Occurs in nucleus and consists in using DNA as a template to make mRNA (messenger)

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11
Q

What occurs during DNA Transcription?

A
  • Helicase breaks hydrogen bonds between DNA nucleotides and opens DNA double strand.
  • Enzyme RNA polymerase binds to the exposed DNA template strand and reads from the gene in the 3’ to 5’ prime direction
  • RNA polymerase synthesizes a single strand of mRNA in the direction 5’ to 3’ by adding RNA bases that are complementary to the DNA bases
  • Original DNA strand formed by A, T, C and G bases while the new RNA strand will be formed by A, U, C and G bases
  • This mRNA then travels to the cytoplasm to continue the process of protein synthesis.
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12
Q

What is C in DNA, in RNA?

A

G

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13
Q

What is A in DNA, in RNA?

A

U

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14
Q

What is T in DNA, in RNA?

A

A

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15
Q

What is G in DNA, in RNA?

A

C

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16
Q

What are mutations?

A

A chemical change or alteration in the sequence of bases (nucleotides) in DNA

17
Q

What is an Oncogenic mutation?

A

Mutation that takes place after coming in contact with a toxic substance that may produce cancer.

18
Q

What is an Induced mutation?

A

Mutations that happen when we interact with something in our environment-

19
Q

What are examples of substances that can cause an induced mutation?

A

Mustard gas, radiation, smoking, contamination

20
Q

What is a Spontaneous mutation?

A

Natural mutations that occur during DNA replication and are not impacted by external substances or environment. If they are beneficial for a whole species, they turn into evolution.

21
Q

What is point mutation?

A

A mutation affecting only one or very few nucleotides in a gene sequence

22
Q

What are multiple mutations?

A

Mutations that affect more nucleotides, normally a whole gene

23
Q

How do we write alleles in sex-linked inheritance?

A

XhXh or XHY

24
Q

What is the genotype for blood type A?

A

IA

25
Q

What is the genotype for blood type B?

A

IB

26
Q

What is the genotype for blood type O?

A

i

27
Q

What is dominant in blood types A or B?

A

Neither, they are codominant

28
Q

Is A dominant over O?

A

Yes, both A and B are dominant over O

29
Q

What is dominant + or - ?

A

The + is dominant over the -

30
Q

How would you write the genotype for O- ?

A

i i - -

31
Q

How would you write the genotype for AB- ?

A

IA IB - -

32
Q

Differences between DNA & RNA?

A
  • DNA is Deoxyribose whereas RNA is only Ribose
  • DNA codes all genetic information but RNA only codes for protein synthesis
  • DNA is shaped as a double helix but RNA has only 1 strand
  • DNA is found in the nucleus whereas RNA is found in the Cytoplasm as well as the Nucleus
  • ## There is only 1 type of DNA where RNA has 3 different types

Biology (1 decks)

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