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Health Policy > Term 2 > Flashcards

Term 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Proactive Policy

A

taking information research best practice from elsewhere in the world and making policy changes to create a health outcome that you wish to achieve proactively

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2
Q

1 in __ in the world are considered obese

A

8

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3
Q

CIHI Roles

A

Canadian Institute for Health Information is responsible for health data and analysis, they understand the nature of health problems

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4
Q

DAD is?

A

Discharge Abstract Database: health record is created every time a patient in the Canadian healthcare system is an inpatient and treated for a condition. DAD is completed upon discharge

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5
Q

NACRS

A

similar to DAD but for ambulatory conditions such as emergency surgery

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6
Q

ICD-10 is?

A

an international standard to classify disease and classify healthcare interventions. Used both in DAD and NACRS

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7
Q

CCI code

A

tells you what was done if you have a surgery

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8
Q

HALE

A

health adjusted life expectancy: standardized tool that adjusts for health conditions and diagnoses by providing each patient with # of complete years of life with perfect health

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9
Q

PYLL

A

potential years of life lost: Take the same person with many conditions and looks at the burden of that illness or combination on a person or population and how many years of life lost because of those things

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10
Q

___% of the leading causes of death are related to obesity

A

50%

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11
Q

What is the number 1 cause of death that relates to obesity

A

Malignant Neoplasms

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12
Q

What BMI is considered obese

A

30.0 and over

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13
Q

what is an issue with using BMI?

A

It doesn’t work on a lot of non-white populations

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14
Q

___% of Canadian children are overweight or obese

A

30%

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15
Q

Top Nation for prevalence of obesity is…

A

USA

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16
Q

what is framing?

A

demonstrates how the same set of facts can be used to present different messages

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17
Q

Scope of Conflict

A

who is involved, what are the terms, who is at the table

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18
Q

Population Health

A

Pockets in a country with higher rates, health influenced by social, economic and physical environments. Ex. you may find pockets of an area that experience worse health

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19
Q

Visibility

A

information about the potential policy problem (such as the transparency of the CUPE workers debate - this was not visible)

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20
Q

Direction

A

agenda of interest groups or stakeholders

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21
Q

Intensity

A

attachment of group to policy problem

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22
Q

Demography in Population Geo

A

Observing trends and predicting for the future for example trends in elderly people living in london

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23
Q

Tim Hortons Cup Population Pyramid

A

skinny at the bottom and wide at the top = a declining population (boomers when they die)

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24
Q

Barrel (more cylinder like)

A

the number of people being born is equal to the # aging

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25
Q

Triangle

A

More people in the bottom then top (we have more people being born)

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26
Q

Built Environment

A

how we design our cities, work and home. Ex. lower end of Hamilton has a higher prevalence of health problems and lower SES.

27
Q

T/F? They are opportunity structures because they each have both health promoting and health damaging structures

A

True

28
Q

Gentrification

A

low income neighborhoods become fashionable and trendy so landlords will remove existing renters from the property, fix them up, sell them for higher income families = cause of housing crisis!
ex. old north

29
Q

Food Swamp

A

ready access to poor quality food (close by) (fast food)

30
Q

Food Desert

A

Poor access to good quality food

31
Q

Opportunity Costs

A

“The true cost of something is what you give up to get it.”

32
Q

Redistributive Policy

A

Aims to shift resources from one group to another, typically to reduce inequities. Ex. the SSBT tax is redirecting the revenue generated from the tac toward health programs

33
Q

Regulatory Policy:

A

impose rules or restrictions to influence behaviour. With SSBT, the tax’s role is to discourage the consumption of sugary drinks and make healthier choices more appealing

34
Q

Allocational Policies

A

fund strategies that produce longer-term health benefits for the population… fund things now that will make things better.

35
Q

Trade-Offs

A

between the importance of protecting the health of the population, respecting individual liberties, and controlling health expenditures ex: can be financial or political cost
A policy maker will determine the importance of protecting or promoting the health of people at the same time, making sure people are still free and able to do what they want but controlling health expenditures

36
Q

Exhortation

A

→ governments encourage stakeholders to act in a particular way (truth and rec day)

37
Q

Expenditure

A

$$ → government provides funds for a specific purposes (ex. smoking tax)

38
Q

Regulation

A

→ rules are established to encourage or penalize certain types of actions

39
Q

Public Ownership

A

→ government owns and directly runs an activity (LCBO)

40
Q

What is a logic model

A

The chain of expected effects that link a public policy to a health problem it aims to solve

41
Q

What are street level bureaucrats

A

the people who meet citizens at the interphase between them and the government. Those who apply the regulations. Ex. teacher, police, social worker etc.

42
Q

Who is sometimes referred to as the ultimate policy makers due to their quick need to apply concepts they were taught?

A

street level bureaucrats

43
Q

what changed in policy after lipskey published his book

A

n the welfare systems area regarding social workers: it has changed from being grant-related to the expectation that people will work, look for work, get a job, and contribute to society

44
Q

Who is Stan Koebel/What happened in Walkerton

A

Outbreak of water-borne disease between May and June 2000 left at least seven people dead and hundreds ill. Years of falsified tests on the water system
His boss encouraged him to do it - this was normal practice for them
Complacency

45
Q

What year did the walkerton case occur

A

2000

46
Q

Define Environmental Health

A

The theory and practice of assessing, correcting, controlling and preventing those factors in the environment that can potentially affect adversely the health of present and future generations” (WHO)

47
Q

Why did this walkerton situation occur

A

The policy to water checking wasn’t legally binding, it was framed as voluntary guidelines

48
Q

4 policies of genetic testing

A

Autonomous
Confidential
Private
Equitable

49
Q

Genetic Testing

A

Applies to individuals who are seen as having a higher probability of having a particular condition; determine presence and absence (once you have symptoms you are no longer screening)

50
Q

Genetic Screening

A

performed in the general population; early detection, monitor risk

51
Q

Specificity

A

with the testing you can rule out disease (true negative)

52
Q

Sensitivity

A

with the testing you can correctly pick up the positive case (true positive)

53
Q

To identify how screening tests are selected in Ontario

A

Identify objective: reason for genetic testing
Feasible: done in an integrated program, people to counsel etc
Propensity: high risk individual (ex. Someone who smoked for 20 yrs is eligible for the lung cancer screening)
Significance of disease
Benefit of treatment: treatment should work
Consent: individual should be autonomous
Regulation: the outcome/impact of screening programs should be monitored and evaluated; program should be modified if required

54
Q

What is an incidental finding

A

discoveries about individuals DURING research that was not previously included in the study objective
Any findings related to their welfare should be identified
Ex. you find an unexpected mass on a CT or MRI
Report if valid, significant, actionable

55
Q

what 3 things does an incidental finding need to be to be disclosed

A
  1. valid
  2. significant
  3. actionable
56
Q

Moral Hazard

A

insulating people from risk may make them less concerned of the potential consequences of that risk

57
Q

The product of the Walkerton case

A

The O’Connor Report:
Lab accreditation
Water systems must be continuously monitored

58
Q

A public good: Non-rivalry

A

When consumed, it doesn’t reduce the amount available for others
ex. benefiting from a street light doesn’t reduce the light available for others but eating an apple would.

59
Q

A public good: Non-excludability

A

it is not possible to provide a good without it being possible for others to benefit from.
ex. a dam to stop flooding protects everyone, whether they contributed or not

60
Q

Free Rider Problem

A

incentive to avoid paying for public goods knowing they will still benefit if others are paying

61
Q

What is an Externality

A

An externality is an unpriced, unintended side effect of one agent’s actions that affects another’s welfare.

62
Q

4 policies of genetic testing

A

autonomy
confidentiality
privacy
equity

62
Q

Negative Externalities

A

Costs imposed on society and the environment not accounted for by producers or consumers.
Example: Traffic congestion caused by increased vehicle use leads to longer commute times for everyone, not just the drivers.

62
Q

Positive Externalities

A

Benefits that affect others but aren’t reflected in market transactions.
Example: Vaccination not only protects the individual but also helps create herd immunity, benefiting the entire community

Health Policy (2 decks)

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