Term 1 Test Flashcards
How many types of shipping cycles are there and what are they called?
3
Seasonal cycles
Short cycles
Long cycles
What container port is the busiest in the world (2020)?
Shanghai, China
Which port is the busiest container port in Europe?
Rotterdam, Netherlands
What are the 4 shipping markets?
The freight market
The newbuilding market
The demolition market
The sale and purchase market
What does PESTLE stand for?
Political, economic, social, technology, legaland environment
What is bareboat chartering?
In bareboat chartering the ship is chartered without crew or provisions, the charterer is responsible for all such matters. (Appointed and directed by charter)
What is time charter?
A time bound arrangement, the charter is free to sail to any port and transport any cargo within the fixed period of time (appointed by the owner, dircted by the charter for cargo)
What is voyage charter?
The hiring of a crew and vessel for a voyage between a load port and a discharge port. (Appointed and directed by the owner)
What is a contract of affreightment?
An agreement between shipowner and charterer for the carriage of a certain amount and type of goods between agreed ports over a given period of time.
A contract of affreightment is not limited to s particular ship, but instead operates as a series of voyage charters (therefore, freight is payable on the quantity of cargo transported)
What are dry ports?
They are directly connected to seaports by rail, where customers can leave/pick up their units as if directly to a seaport
What are the benefits of dry ports?
They can improve the movement of imports and exports, moving the time-consuming sorting and processing of containers inland, away from congested seaports.
What forms of transport release least and most emission?
Least - very large container vessel
Most - air freight
What does the NSR stand for in shipping?
Northern Sea Route
What does SCR stand for in shipping?
Suez Canal Route
How many tunnels connect the UK to the mainland?
3
How many percentage of UK’s cargo are handled by ports?
95%
What cargo is not commonly handled by the port of Plymouth?
Container and coal
How long did it take to build the Panama Canal?
35
How many times has the Panama Canal been closed?
1 - when the US military forces launched an assault on the country to depose its leader
How much revenue does the Panama Canal generate per year approx?
$3.4 billion
Who runs the Panama Canal?
The Panama Canal Authority
When did the Panama Canal open?
1914
When did the Suez Canal open?
1869
How long is the Suez Canal?
120 miles
How long is the Panama Canal?
50 miles
Annual revenue of Suez Canal approx?
5.5-6 billion dollars
What is the Three Gorges Dam?
A 2,335 metre hydroelectric dam that spans the Yangtze River in Hubei Province, China. It has a vertical-hoisting «elevator» that can lift vessels up or down 379 feet (113 meters) to pass the dam.
How much weight can the elevator in the Three Gorges Dam lift?
Cruises carrying a weight of up to 3000 tonnes
How much time does the elevator in the Three Gorges Dam save a ship from going around?
From 4 hours going around, to 40 minutes
What was the name of the large Suezmax tanker that wrecked outside Cornwall?
Torrey Canyon
When did the Torrey Canyon sink?
18 march 1967 - 30 march 1967
Which areas was affected by the oil spill from Torrey Canyon?
SW England, France and Channel Islands
What spilled into the sea from the Torrey Canyon wreck?
119,000 tons of crude oil
Name some of the methods used to clean oil spills and protect coastal environments
Oil booms - popular, fairly effective but must be used quickly
Skimmers - machines used to scoop oil on the waters surface
Sorbents - substances which can absorb oil and be easily scooped up
Manual process - the use of handheld tools to clear contamonants
Dispersants - used to accelerate the natural breakdown of oil
Bioremediation - the use of microbes to clean up contamonated water
Burning in-situ - can be effective, but not always suitable
Name the major dry bulk cargo
Iron ore Coal Grain Bauxite Phosphate
Name the minor dry bulk cargo
Steel & forest products Agribulks Sugar Fertilizers Metals & minerals
Which continent imports the most coal, iron ore and grains?
Asia, in 2012 they had 73% of the worlds import
How many dwt is a handysize?
20,000 - 40,000 dwt
How many dwt is a handymax?
40,000-50,000 dwt
How many dwt is a supramax?
50,000-60,000 dwt
How many dwt is a Panamax?
60,000-80,000 dwt
How many dwt is a post-panamax (babycapers)?
Under 125,000 dwt
How many dwt is a capesize?
125,000-220,000 dwt
How many dwt is a VLOC (very large ore carrier)?
More than 220,000 dwt
Which countries are the top exporters of iron ore?
Australia
Brazil
South Africa
Which countries are the top importers of iron ore?
China
Japan
South Korea
Which countries are the top producers of iron ore?
China
Australia
Brazil
India
Which country is the top producers of coal?
China
India
United states
Indonesia
Which country is the top consumer of coal?
China
How many major coal supply chains are in Australia?
6
4 in Queensland
2 in New South Wales
When and where did crude oil trade first begin?
Titusville, Pennsylvania - 1859
When was crude oil first shipped in barrels to London?
1861
When did sailing ships get fitted with tanks to carry crude oil?
1860’s
When was the first steamship built for Belgian owners to carry passengers to the USA and return with oil in tanks?
1872
What happened in 1886?
First purpose-built tanker (2307 tons) launched by the German-American Petroleum company
(Savings by shipping bulk amounted to 4 shillings a barrel) - £26
By this year, half of the crude oil imported to the UK came in bulk, what year was is?
1889
In 1886 the tanker fleet operating in the Atlantic was 12, in 1891 it grew to..?
90
Which countries are the largest consumers of oil?
United States China India Japan Russia
Which countries are the top exporters of oil
Saudi Arabia United States Russia Canada China
Name some crude oil tankers in order of size
Aframax
Suezmax
VLCC
ULCC
What type of oil is does Canada produce the most of?
Oil sands
What is oil sands?
A naturally occuring mixture of sand, clay or other minerals. It must be treated before it can be used by refineries to produce usable fuels such as gasoline and diesel.
Which country is the largest LNG exporter?
Australia
Which country is the largest LNG importer?
China
In the future, which continent is expected to have the highest demand of LNG?
Asia
What is the Moss Rosenberg design?
An LNG design that started in 1971 with spherical tanks which often have the upper half exposed
Whatis the membrane-tank system?
A system that uses thin, flexible membranes supported only by the insulated hull structure
Looking at key trends, what type of natural gas will be produced most in the future?
Shale gas
Looking at the global LPG consumption, what group consumes the most?
Residential/commercial
What area exports the most LPG to North East Asia?
North America (used to be Middle East)
When was the China-Europe freight train service launched?
2011
How many countries in Europe can be reached by the China-Europe freight train service?
11 (28 cities)
In January 2017 the train travelled for 18 days over 7,400 miles from where-where?
Yiwu West Railway Station in Eastern China (Zhejiang Province) to Barking, London
What is the largest container ship called?
Ever Ace, approx 24,000 TEUs
How much more cargo capacity does Ever Ace have than the Antonov-225?
950 times
How mamy containerships have a capacity og 20,000+ TEU?
Over 85
What is Liner Service?
A service that operates within a schedule and has a fixed port rotation with published dates of calls at the advertised ports.
What is Tramp Service?
A service that does not follow any strict schedule or routes, can unload goods at any port.
Which vessel type had the highest percentage share of dwt in 2018
Dry bulk carriers
What cargo type is the largest part of the maritime trade in 2019?
Containers
Name a few of the top container lines (by TEU capacity)
Maersk Mediterranean shg co CMA CGM Group COSCO Group Hapag-Lloyd
To the closest billion, how many people are in the world?
8 billion
Name some of the largest countries in the world based on population
China India U.S Indonesia Brazil
What country in the world has the lowest median age?
Nigeria (18)
Name the continents with the highest and lowest population
Asia and Europe
What is the biggest employment in ports?
Transport and storage
How long does the short shipping cycle last?
5-10 years
How long does the long shipping cycle last?
Around 60 years
What are the stages of the shipping cycle?
Trough
Recovery
Peak
Collapse
What area experiences a lot of piracy these days?
The gulf of Guniea
What are the 6 major coal ports in Australia called?
Abbot Point Haypoint Gladstone Brisbane Newcastle (largest) Kembla
What types of liquid bulk cargo is in UK ports?
Crude oil
Oil products
Liquidied gas
Other :)
Which country is the largest consumer of oil per capita?
Saudi Arabia
Other big ones are: Canada, USA, South Korea, Belgium and the Netherlands
What are the four stages of port development?
Setting
Expansion
Specialisation
Regionalisation
Describe the cost of the crude oil supply from high-cost to low-cost
Other tight oil Oil sands Deepwater Shallow water US tight oil Large fields Onshore
Which category consumes the most LPG
chemical and commercial/residential
