Term 1 exam revision Flashcards
1
Q
Early medieval period
A
8th - 12th century
2
Q
Late medieval period
A
13th - 18th century
3
Q
Bharat
A
Derived from the name of Bharata, son of Dhushyanta - a ruler mentioned in Mahabharata
4
Q
India
A
The English term is derived from the Greek word India ( meaning the region beyond the river Indus)
5
Q
Hindustan
A
Carried different meanings
- Minhaj-us-Siraj - Land between Ganga and Yamuna
- Babur - Geography, Fauna and culture of people
- British Raj - synonymous to India
6
Q
Disadvantages of the written records
A
- No printing press so used scribes
- Small changes that increased in each generation
- Prejudice and bias
7
Q
Economic changes during the medieval period
A
- Persian wheel - irrigation
- Spinning wheel - weaving clothes
- Firearms - combats
- New food items and beverages
7
Q
Feudatories
A
Individuals who held land under the feudal system in return for services
8
Q
The Tripartite Struggle
A
- For Kannauj in the Ganga Valley
- Between Palas, Pratiharas and Rashtrakutas
- To possess the symbol of sovereignty
- For wealth and military prowess
9
Q
Invasion of Ghazni
A
- Annexed Punjab
- Objective - loot wealth
- Concentrated on temple cities
10
Q
Invasion of Ghori
A
- Objective - to establish an empire
- Fought against Prithviraj Chauhan in the battle of Tarain
11
Q
Causes for the success of the Turks
A
- Internal conflicts between the small empires after the fall of Pratiharas
- Lack of unified commands and the presence of a huge number of feudal lords
- Superior military technology and warfare of the Turks( Used iron stirrups and horseshoes)
12
Q
Officials under the Chola administration
A
- Tiruvakya-kelvi - Ruler
- Penundaram - Higher officials
- Sirutaram - Lower officials
13
Q
Village administration of the Cholas
A
- Autonomy and self-sufficient due to the village assemblies
- Ur - Assembly of common villagers where the land was held by people of all classes.
- Sabha - Exclusive Brahmin assembly
- Nagaram - An assembly of local merchants
14
Q
Vimana
A
The tower - chief feature of Chola temples
15
Q
Birth of the Slave Dynasty
A
Mohammad Ghori had no sons and nurtured slaves who went on to become rulers
16
Q
Prominent rulers of the Slave dynasty
A
Qutb-ud-din Aibak, Iltutmish, Balban
17
Q
Chalgans
A
A group of higher officials appointed by Iltutmish were then eliminated by Balban as they started working for their personal gains.
18
Q
Garrison towns
A
Heavily fortified towns with the presence of soldiers.
19
Q
Muqti
A
- Also known as iqtadar
- Holders of land known as iqta
- Join military campaigns and maintain law and order
- Were not hereditary
20
Q
Kharaj
A
Islamic land tax imposed by Alauddin Khalji who raised it from 1/6th of the produce to 50%
21
Q
Shana-i-mandi
A
Controller of markets under Khalji
22
Q
Barids
A
Intelligence officers under Khalji
23
Q
Experiments of Muhammad Bin Tughlaq
A
- Raising the taxes in Doab during a famine
- Transfer of capital from Delhi to Daulatabad
- The introduction of token currency ( Brinze coins called tanka instead of silver coins) led to forged coins.
- Expeditions into Qurachil and Khursan
24
Mughal Emperors
B - Babur
H - Humayun
A - Akbar
J - Jahangir
S- Shah Jahan
A - Aurangzeb
25
Division of provinces
Subas -> Sarkars ->Chaklas -> Parganas -> Mahals
26
Mansabdars
Officers joining the Mughal army service
27
Mansab
Rank held by mansabdars
Determines the rank of the holder, pay of the mansabdar and the sawar( The number of soldiers with horses)
28
Jagirdari system
Jagir - Land
Jagirdari - A person who owns the land and can collect revenue from the same
29
Land revenue system under Mughal administration
- Division of land into Polaj, Parautii, Chachaar, and Banjar
- Advance loans were provided
30
Diwan
Responsible for revenue and finance
31
Mir bhakshi
In-charge of military
32
Mir saman
Incharge of royal karkhanas - purchase of articles and storage
33
Sadr-us-sudr
Protected laws of shari'at
34
Qazi-ul-qazzat
Head of judiciary
35
Subadar
Governor of a suba/province
36
Ibadatkhana
Akbar's hall of prayer
37
Sulh-i-kuhl
Universal peace
38
Ulema
Muslim scholars
39
Amirs
Nobility
40
Nomads
Wandering groups of people who roam from one pastoral land to another with their families and cattle
41
Itinerant groups
Artisans, craftsmen, Storytellers and entertainers travelling from one place to another
42
Sufism
Reform movement against the growing materialism in Islam
43
Tariqa
Followers of the Sufi path
44
Pir
Sufi guides
45
Khanqah
Centre of Activities of a Sufi order
46
Suhrawadi Silsila
- Founder - Zakariya
- Established one of the oldest khanqas in Multan
47
Chisti Silsila
- Founder - Chisti
- Treated the rich and poor alike
- Attitude of religious tolerance
48
Environment
Surroundings/conditions in which a person/animal/ plant exists
49
Natural environment
- Physical environment - Abiotic components like land, water or air
- Biological environment - Biotic components like humans, animals, plants and micro-organisms
50
Lithosphere
Outermost solid layer of the Earth
Also known as the crust
51
Hydrosphere
All the water bodies like the oceans, seas, rivers and lakes
52
Atmosphere
Air that surrounds the Earth and is held by its gravitational pull.
53
Biosphere
The narrow zone where land, water, and air come into contact with each other.
54
The great variety of life on Earth
Biodiversity
55
Interaction of all living organisms living in a place
Ecosystems
56
Ecological balance
Equilibrium in the transfer of energy and matter
57
Weather
Condition of the atmosphere at a particular place over a short period of time. It is not constant and affects our everyday activities.
58
Climate
Average weather conditions of a large area over a long period of time. It is permanent and influences our way of life.
59
Factors that affect temperature
Distance from sea, Altitude, Latitude, and Insolation
60
Insolation
Amount of solar energy received by the Earth
61
Factors affecting atmospheric pressure
Coriolis effect, Altitude, Temperature and Humidity
62
Pressure belts
Due to temperature - Equatorial Low pressure, Polar High pressure
Due to Coriolis effect - Sub-tropical High pressure, Sub-polar low pressure
63
Wind
Horizontal movement of air
64
Types of wind
Planetary wind - Easterlies, Westerlies, and Trade winds
Periodic winds - Land breeze, monsoon winds
Local winds - Loo in India
65
Humidity
Amount of water vapor found in the air
Measured using a hygrometer
66
Saline water
Water has a lot of dissolved salts
67
Salinity
Amount of salt in the ocean water
Avg - 35 per thousand
68
Factors that affect salinity
Rate of evaporation, precipitation, and amount of freshwater added
69
Seas
Water bodies smaller than oceans
70
Importance of oceans
- Prime source of precipitation
- Moderating effect on climate
- Marine life
- Drinking water after desalination
- Mineral deposits
- Source of energy ( Tidal energy)
- Means of transport
71
Waves
Alternate up and down movement of ocean water due to the action of the wind
72
Crest
Upper part of the wave
73
Trough
Lower part of the wave
74
Wave height
The vertical distance between the crest and the trough
75
Wavelength
Horizontal distance between two crests/troughs
76
Tsunami
- Japanese words( tsu- harbor nami - waves)
- Also known as huge tidal waves
- Caused by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and landslides
77
Tides
The periodic rise and fall of the water level in the sea occurs at regular intervals. Caused by the gravitational pull of the Sun and the Moon.
78
Spring tides
Occur when the Sun, Moon, and Earth are in a straight line exerting more pull.
79
Neap tides
Occurs when the Sun and the Moon are at right angles and nullify each other's gravitational pull.
80
Ocean currents
Horizontal movement of masses of water in the form of broad streams in definite directions
81
Universal Adult Franchise
Every adult, irrespective of his/her region, caste, or education has the right to vote
82
Midday meal Scheme
Launched to provide elementary education to all children and provide nutritious food.
83
Election Commission of India
The governing body is responsible for conducting elections in India. Headed by the Election Commissioner.
84
EVM
Electronic Voting Machine
85
Importance of elections
- Means of expression of public will
- People's participation
- Held at regular intervals and keeps a check on the present rule
- Offers real choices to people
86
Political Party
A group of people sharing similar views on the political issues of the country
87
National party
Recognized in four or more states. Eg - Congress, BJP
88
Regional party
Functions at the state or regional level. Eg - ADMK, DMK
89
Coalition government
When there is no clear-cut majority, several parties join together to form a government.
