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Bio 20 > Term 1 Exam > Flashcards

Term 1 Exam Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is an individual?

A

a group of organisms that reproduce

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2
Q

What is a population?

A

Same species in the same area @ the same time

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3
Q

What is a community?

A

populations interacting with each other as competition

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4
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

interactions between biotic and abiotic environments

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5
Q

Which one is larger a biosphere or a biome?

A

Biosphere

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6
Q

What is biotic?

A

living things

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7
Q

What is abiotic?

A

non-living things

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8
Q

What is the definition of matter cycling?

A

autotrophs producing glucose from CO2 and H20

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9
Q

What is the definition of energy flow?

A

Biotic animals consume biotic plants and their byproducts

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10
Q

What does a habitat contain for an animal?

A

food, mate, shelter, water, temperature

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11
Q

What does a habitat contain for a plant?

A

light, air, water, nutrients, mate, shelter

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12
Q

What is meant by greater biodiversity?

A

more food, habitats, resilience

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13
Q

Greater biodiversity leads to greater……

A

stability

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14
Q

What are the 4 components of a habitat?

A

Shelter, Air/Sun/Water, Food, Space

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15
Q

What is important about the components of a habitat?

A

All components have to be provided in the correct amount

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16
Q

What is a niche?

A

everything it does to survive to maintain its way of life

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17
Q

What is the Law of Tolerance?

A

There are limits to your survival

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18
Q

What is stratification?

A

sorts habitats into multiple ecosystems in order to increase diversity

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19
Q

What does stratification bring?

A

Brings multiple habitats, niches, ecosystems, diversity, specialties and increased resistance

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20
Q

More habitats = More ________ = More _________

A

Niches, Diversity

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21
Q

What is the equation for the Simpson Biodiversity Index?

A

D = ni(ni-1)/N(N-1)

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22
Q

What are the 3 services that ecosystems give to us?

A

Provisional, Regulating, Cultural

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23
Q

What are 3 services we give to ecosystems?

A

Protect, Enhance, Restore

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24
Q

What happens to an ecosystem that has low biodiversity?

A

few successful species, low niche, stressful environment, inadaptable

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25
Q

What happens to an ecosystem that has high biodiversity?

A

lots of successful species, high niches, less hostile environment, adaptable, complex food webs

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26
Q

What is parasitism?

A

A parasite lives off its host, until the host dies ( +, -)

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27
Q

What is mutualism?

A

Two species both benefit from their interaction (+, +)

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28
Q

What is commensalism?

A

Two species where one benefits and one remains neutral, (+, =)

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29
Q

What are the two types of competition?

A

Interspecific and Intraspecific

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30
Q

What is intraspecific competition?

A

Same species compete for the same resources in an ecosystem

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31
Q

What is interspecific competition?

A

Different species compete for the same resources in an ecosystem

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32
Q

What is the Gause Competitive Exclusion Principle? (2 points)

A

No two species w/ the same niche can coexist; no two species can occupy the same niche indefinitely

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33
Q

What is resource partitioning?

A

species divide resources to avoid competition for limited resources

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34
Q

What are the limiting factors?

A

Factors that restrict existence, reproduction or distribution of organisms

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35
Q

What is abiotic LF?

A

Not dependent on density and population

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36
Q

What is biotic LF?

A

Dependant on Density and population

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37
Q

What is predation? and how do animals avoid it?

A

Predator consuming prey, keeping population levels under control

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38
Q

What are some characteristics of exponential growth within a population?

A

small organisms, abiotic LF, lots of offspring, no maternal care, short life span

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39
Q

What are some characteristics of logistic growth within a population?

A

large organisms, biotic LF, 1-2 offspring, maternal care, long lifespan

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40
Q

Can autotrophs survive w/o heterotrophs?

A

Yes

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41
Q

Can heterotrophs survive w/o autotrophs?

A

No

42
Q

1st Law of Thermodynamics:

A

The amount of energy is neither created nor destroyed, only transferred

43
Q

2nd Law of Thermodynamics:

A

In every transformation, the amount of usable energy is decreased

44
Q

Food Chain levels. Starting with a producer;

A

Primary consumer, secondary consumer, tertiary consumer, decomposer

45
Q

Food Web levels starting with trophic level 1:

A

L2, L3, L4, L5

46
Q

What is the 10 percent rule of the food chain?

A

The amount of energy that goes into the consumption of the organism

47
Q

Where does the other 90 percent go to?

A

Life processes of the organism

48
Q

What are the three types of ecological pyramids?

A

Energy, Biomass, Numbers

49
Q

What happens to each factor of an ecological pyramid as it goes further up?

A

The amount of available resources decreases

50
Q

What do autotrophs do for an ecosystem?

A

create energy for consumers, more biomass, diversity, stability and resiliency, and moderate concentration of gases, protect the ozone

51
Q

What is NPP?

A

Net Primary Production, measures the rate of plant productivity (growth)

52
Q

What is Biomagnification?

A

The increase in concentration of a toxin as it moves up the food chain

53
Q

Do the lower or higher-level consumers have a higher concentration of toxins?

A

Higher Level

54
Q

What are the four biogeochemical cycles?

A

water, nitrogen, carbon and phosphorus

55
Q

What are the 7 processes of the water cycle?

A

evaporation, transpiration condensation, precipitation, surface runoff, percolation, groundwater

56
Q

What are the 8 processes of the carbon cycle?

A

CO2 in atmosphere, CO2 in dissolved water, photosynthesis, consumption, cellular respiration, decomposition, fossil fuels, combustion

57
Q

What are the 5 processes of the nitrogen cycle?

A

N2 Fixation, Ammonification, Nitrification, Assimilation, Denitrification

58
Q

What is Eutrophication?

A

Excessive Algae blooms due to too much nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients in the water

59
Q

What is Reclamation?

A

returning of healthy, yet disturbed land to a state where it is useful once again

60
Q

What is Remediation?

A

clean up of a contaminated area with actions necessary to remove contaminants for the recovery of the ecosystem

61
Q

What is Taxonomy?

A

science of identifying, naming, organizing and classifying organisms

62
Q

What is the classification DKPCOFGS stand for? (in order from most inclusive to most exclusive)

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

63
Q

What are the three domains?

A

Eukarya, Archaea, Bacteria

64
Q

What is the bacteria domain?

A

auto/heterotrophic, mobile, reproduce asexually, prokaryotic, cell walls, self-sufficient hermits

65
Q

What is the archaea domain?

A

auto/heterotropic, mobile, reproduce asexually, prokaryotic, unicellular, found in extreme conditions

66
Q

What is the Eukarya domain?

A

auto/heterotrophic, sessile or mobile, reproduce a/sexually, uni/multicellular, eukaryotic

66
Q

What are the 6 Kingdoms?

A

Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Plants, Protista, Fungi, Animals

67
Q

What is a Dichotomous Key?

A

scientific name given to every organism consisting of genus and unique characteristics

68
Q

_______ + _________ = variation within a population

A

sexual reproduction and mutation

69
Q

How does sexual reproduction affect variation?

A

takes 1/2 of the dad’s traits and 1/2 of the mom’s traits to make an offspring, each one getting a different set of traits from either parent

70
Q

How does mutation affect variation?

A

changes to chromosomes are passed onto offspring who inherit them; they can either harm an organism or make them advantageous

71
Q

What are the three types of adaption?

A

Structural, behavioural, physiological

72
Q

What are structural adaptations?

A

Physical features of an organism (mimicry, camouflage, warning coloration)

73
Q

What are physiological adaptations?

A

Functioning or biochemical processes (venom, squid ink, web proteins, digestive enzymes, blood clotting)

74
Q

What are behavioural adaptations?

A

Actions an organism takes (migration, tracking prey, storing nuts, growing towards light)

75
Q

Variation leads to Natural Selection; what is it?

A

density dependant factors like predation, competition, disease, abiotic factors act on individuals in a population

76
Q

Evidence of Evolution is shown through direct evidence called?

A

Fossil Records

77
Q

Evolution is shown through indirect evidence such as?

A

Comparative Embryology and Anatomy; homologous, analogous and vestigial

78
Q

What is the third method of showing evolutionary evidence?

A

Biochemistry

79
Q

Evolution = ______/________

A

change in form/time

80
Q

What is wrong with Darwin’s theory of evolution?

A

Can’t identify the source of variation within a species

81
Q

What is wrong with Lamark’s theory of evolution?

A

We cannot pass on acquired traits or characteristics

82
Q

What do cladograms do?

A

depict evolutionary relationships among groups and classify them

83
Q

What three things do cladograms provide?

A

of shared characteristics, relationships, sequence of origin

84
Q

What is microevolution?

A

small changes in populations, leading to new breeds

85
Q

What is Macroevolution?

A

major changes in populations, leading to a new species

86
Q

What are the three types of evolutionary isolations?

A

Geographical, Biological, Reproductive

87
Q

What is punctuated equilibrium?

A

Evolution proceeding at burst of morphological changes till a new species or extinction occurs (shown in fossil records)

88
Q

What is gradual change?

A

slow and steady changes, with little changes made to the structure (not shown in fossil records)

89
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

A set of redox reactions by which plants and algae convert sunlight into chemical energy

90
Q

What is the balanced equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2

91
Q

What are pigments?

A

molecules that absorb specific wavelengths of light and reflect all others

92
Q

What is paper chromatography?

A

Separates different pigments in a mixture as some pigments are more attracted to paper, whilst others are more attracted to the solvent

93
Q

What do Rf values indicate?

A

Indicates a higher solubility of the pigments in the solvent as the Rf value increases

94
Q

What do leaves have other pigments?

A

Increases their efficiency to absorb all wavelengths of energy

95
Q

Why do leaves change colours in the fall?

A

Sun changes trajectory and certain wavelengths are no longer present , causing chlorophyll to break down

96
Q

What do the light reactions use and produce?

A

They use h2o and energy from the sun to produce ATP and NADPH

97
Q

What do the dark reactions use and produce?

A

They use ATP, NADPH and RuBP to make Glucose

98
Q

What is reduction? oxidation?

A

Reduction is the gaining of a substance or molecule; Oxidation is the loss of a substance or molecule

99
Q

What is chemosmosis?

A

The movement of H+ ions that drives the reaction for ADP + Pi to convert to ATP

100
Q

What is photolysis?

A

The splitting of H2O into H+ ions, e- and O2 molecules from light energy

Bio 20 (1 decks)

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