Term 1 DNA Flashcards
what is DNA
DNA is a genetic material in humans and other organisms
what does the nucleus do?
controls the activity of the cell, the brain, has a membrane around it, stores DNA
What does chromosomal DNA tell us?
Eye colour, characteristics passed down
What are haploid and diploid cells?
Haploid cells have 1 set of chromosomes
What are Homozygous and Heterozygous allele pairs?
two identical alleles (RR or rr) are homozygous.
individual, different alleles (Rr) are known as heterozygous.
What shape is DNA?
Double Helix
What is a chromosome?
Structure of DNA carrying genes.
What are the nitrogenous bases of DNA and RNA?
DNA= Adenine, Thymine
Guanine and Cytosine
RNA= Adenine, Uracil
Guanine and Cytosine
What are somatic cells?
Everything but the sex cells
What are Diploid cells?
2 sets of chromosomes
What is interphase?
Interphase - replicating DNA, is what a cell spend most of its time doing
what does M- RNA do?
M-RNA copies genetic information from DNA and transports it outside of the nucleus into the ribosome, meeting with Ribosomal- RNA to start the process of protein synthesis.
what does T-RNA do?
Transfer- RNA reads the RNA codons 3 at a time using anti codons and translates it into amino acids which are held together by polypeptide bonds.
What is Mitosis?
The growth and repair of body cells, creates 2 ending daughter cells that are identical to each other and the parent cells, 46 chromosomes.
what are the parts of a chromosome?
Chromosomes are made from DNA and protein, centrosome, sister chromatids, telomere
what is a phenotype and genotype?
phenotype= physical characteristics based on genotype.
Genotype= genetic makeup of an organism
what is an allele
Variety of a gene
when are recessive alleles expressed?
When there are no Dominant alleles present.
what is prophase
Chromosomes are condensing/thickening
what happens in prophase I in meiosis?
The chromosome’s match up with their homologous pairs and exchange their genetic information making recombinant chromosomes.
what is meiosis?
The reproduction of gametes/sex chromosomes, 4 ending cells with 23 chromosomes (Reduction division), go through PMAT 2x, all cells have genetic variety.
what does homologous mean?
approx. the same size, contains the same types if genes (e.g. eye color) in the same location.
What is Metaphase?
M=middle, chromosomes form a line in the middle of the cell, the nucleus is broken down.
What is Anaphase?
A= Away, spindle fibers (outside of nucleus) pull the chromatids/chromosomes to the opposite sides of the cells.
What is Telophase?
chromatids/chromosomes are on opposite sides of the cell and new nuclei start to form around them.
What is cytokinesis and when does it occur?
finally separates the cytoplasm forming the 2 new daughter cells, occurs after PMAT stages.
what is the starter cell of mitosis and meiosis called?
A germ cell
What is a fertilized egg called?
Zygote
What causes variety in meiosis cells?
Independent assortment + crossing over of chromosomes = variety
what is a nucleotide made up of?
Phosphate(circle) pentose sugar(pentagon) and nitrogenous base.
what is a histone?
(macarons) Histones bind to DNA, help give chromosomes their shape, DNA coils around it
what is a chromatin?
Chromosomes are made from chromatin, chromatin is made from DNA and proteins
what is nucleosome?
repeating subunit of chromatin packaged inside the cell’s nucleus.
what are gametes?
Sex chromosomes
what is transcription in protein synthesis?
when M-RNA copies the complimentary genetic information from DNA to get sent out into the ribosome (R-RNA)
What is the ribosome made up of?
Ribosomal -RNA
what is translation in protein synthesis?
T-RNA carries amino acids and each amino acid correlates to a different RNA base codon in 3s, complimentary anti-codon. T-RNA leaves behind its amino acid.
what is an amino acids?
Building blocks of protein.
