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Year 10 Science > Term 1 Biology > Flashcards

Term 1 Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What are Alleles?

A

Different forms of the same gene.

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2
Q

What are Autosomes?

A

The physical chromosomes, not sex chromosomes.

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3
Q

T or F: Autosomal Chromosomes dictate physical appearance.

A

True

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4
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

The structure in the nucleus that holds DNA and proteins.

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5
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46

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6
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

A

23

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7
Q

What does diploid mean?

A

The cell has pairs of chromosomes.

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8
Q

Example of diploid cell.

A

Red blood cell, skin cell, bone cell - any cell that isn’t a gamete.

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9
Q

T or F: Sperm is a diploid cell?

A

False

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10
Q

What are gametes?

A

The sex cells

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11
Q

Define Gene?

A

A section of DNA that carries genetic code for a particular characteristic.

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12
Q

What does Genotype means?

A

The genetic combination for an individual on a specific trait.

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13
Q

Give an example of genotype for a person with brown hair.

A

BB, Bb

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14
Q

What is Haploid?

A

A cell not having pairs of chromosomes.

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15
Q

What does heterozygous mean?

A

It means the alleles are different.

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16
Q

Is DD genotype heterozygous?

A

No

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17
Q

What is Homozygous?

A

When the alleles for a trait is the same.

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18
Q

What is Meiosis?

A

When cells are divided and become haploid.

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19
Q

Which cells undergo Meiosis?

A

Gametes

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20
Q

What is mutation mean?

A

A mistake that happens as DNA is copied, causing a change to the sequence of bases.

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21
Q

What is a pedigree?

A

A family tree showing a specific trait.

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22
Q

What is a punnet square?

A

A diagram used to predict genotypes of offspring for a particular trait.

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23
Q

What is a zygote?

A

The cell formed when 2 gametes join - start of a fetus

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24
Q

What is artificial selection?

A

When humans interfere with the breeding process of animals to target a specific trait.

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25
What is biodiversity?
The difference of species that exist within an ecosystem.
26
Define Comparative anatomy?
The science behind comparing the structure of species to look for similarities and differences.
27
What is cross-breeding?
Selective breeding to combine multiple desirable features.
28
What is Embryology?
The study of species' embryos
29
What is evolution?
Change of characteristics over many generations within a species.
30
Homologous means what?
Similar structures in species.
31
What is inbreeding?
Selective breeding between 2 closely related individuals
32
What does Morphology mean?
The physical structure of an organism.
33
What is Natural Selection?
When environmental factors cause desirable features to be passed on.
34
Define Selection pressure?
The effect of a selective agent on a population.
35
What is a Selective Agent?
An environmental factor that acts on a population during Natural selection.
36
Define Speciation?
The process where one species becomes 2 species, and they become so different they cannot interbreed
37
Define a cell?
The foundation which all beings are made up of.
38
What are the 3 common cell structures?
Cell Membrane, Cytoplasm, DNA
39
What are the 2 different types of cells?
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
40
Which cell type comes with a membrane?
Eukaryotic
41
What is an organelle?
A collective term for small structures within the cell with specific roles.
42
What is the job of Ribosomes?
To create amino acids based on the DNA
43
What is the job of Rough ER?
Houses millions of ribosomes, controls the production of proteins.
44
What is the job of the Vacoule?
Controls water levels within the cell
45
What is the job of Lysosome?
Does digestion for a cell.
46
What is the job of Mitochondria?
Generates nutrients and energy. Powerhouse of the cell.
47
What is the job of Chloroplast?
produces energy from Photosynthesis
48
Where is DNA found in a cell?
In the nucleus, in chromosomes
49
T or F: Red blood cells have DNA?
False
50
What is DNA made of?
Nucleotides
51
What are the 3 main components of Nucleotides?
Phosphate, Sugar, Nitrogen Base
52
What are the 4 types of nucleotide bases?
Cytosine, Adenine, Guanine, Thymine
53
T or F: RNA is used to create proteins.
True
54
What is the main difference between DNA and RNA?
RNA is single stranded
55
What is a codon?
Every 3 bases is a codon on DNA
56
What are proteins made up of?
Amino Acids
57
What makes Amino Acids?
Codons
58
What are the 3 roles proteins fill?
Structural, Enzymatic, Regulatory
59
What do regulatory proteins do?
Create insulin and growth hormone
60
What are the 2 main types of Mutations?
Point mutation, Frameshift mutation
61
What are the 3 types of point mutations?
Silent, missense, nonsense mutations
62
What does a silent mutation do?
Changes a base in a codon but not the amino acid made.
63
What does a missense mutation do?
Changes a base in a codon and changes the amino acid made.
64
T or F: Missense mutations don't cause diseases.
True
65
What does a nonsense mutation do?
Changes a base in a codon and stops protein production.
66
What is the most dangerous point mutation?
Nonsense mutation
67
What is a frameshift mutation?
When a base is added to a list of bases, changing the whole change.
68
What is the difference between frameshift and point mutations?
Frameshift adds a base while point just changes a base
69
When can a mutation be passed on to the offspring?
When it affects the sex cells
70
What are 3 common agents that cause mutations?
Radiation, Chemical Biological
71
T or F: All mutations are bad.
False
72
What are the 2 types of Cell replication?
Meiosis and Mitosis
73
What are the 5 stages of mitosis?
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Interphase
74
What is the 3rd stage of mitosis?
Anaphase
75
T or F: Tanophase is a stage of Mitosis?
False
76
What is a positive of sexual reproduction?
Greater variation within the population
77
Why do we use Punnet Squares?
To show all possible Genotypes for offspring
78
T or F: Punnet squares show the definite phenotypes of the offspring?
False - only a probability
79
T or F: All genes are on autosomal chromosomes?
False
80
Which sex chromosome do genes exist in?
X chromosome
81
What do roman numerals represent in Pedigree Charts?
Generation
82
How are men represented in a Pedigree chart?
They are represented as a square
83
What did Gregor Mendel suggest?
That people only inherited 2 alleles
84
Define Incomplete dominance?
When 2 homozygous parents create a heterozygous offspring, however neither allele is dominant, and it creates a mix of the 2
85
Define Co-dominance?
When 2 homozygous parents create a heterozygous offspring, however neither allele is dominant, but both alleles are present in the phenotype.
86
How many blood types are there?
4
87
What are the 4 blood types?
A, B, AB, O
88
T or F: A blood type have the A antigens in the red blood cell?
True
89
T or F: O blood types have B antigens in the red blood cell?
False
90
T or F: AB blood type have A antibodies in the plasma?
False
91
Who created the idea of Speciation?
Charles Darwin
92
Which animal did Charles Darwin observe?
Finches
93
What are the 2 main ways variation happens?
Difference in chromosomes and mutation
94
What is the difference between variation and adaptation?
Variations are any changes in the genotype, the advantageous ones are adaptions
95
What are the 2 types of selection agent?
Biotic (animals) and Abiotic (e.g. water)
96
T or F: Artificial selection happens over generations?
True
97
How many selective breeding methods are there?
2
98
What are the selective breeding methods?
1. Cross Breeding 2. In breeding
99
What are the negatives of inbreeding?
Less variation in the breed and health issues become prominent.

Year 10 Science (1 decks)

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